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2020考研英语语法大全之介词
考试吧 2019-09-17 09:51:30 评论(0)条

  >>>>干货盘点:2020年考研英语语法大全

  介词是一种表示名词和句中其他词之间关系的词,它不能单独作句子成分,后接名词、代词等作其宾语。

  一、介词搭配

  介词常与名词、动词、形容词等搭配。

  (一)与名词搭配

  如:

  in deficit (赤字,逆差)

  approach to (……的方法)

  in the wake of (紧紧跟随,随着……而来)

  from scratch (从零开始)

  例句: China also signed a longterm trade agreement with the EEC in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979.

  分析: 该句是并列句。

  译文: 1978年中国还与欧洲经济共同体签署了长期贸易协议;随着1979年初与美国外交关系正常化的到来,中国与美国的贸易也迅速增长。

  (二)与动词搭配

  如:

  move along (沿着)

  bustle about (匆忙)

  buoy up (上升)

  rein in (抑制)

  pass down (使流传)

  例句: The decline was partly caused by Indias reining in of its budget deficit and the shortterm effects of the implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures.

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 衰退的部分原因是印度抑制其预算赤字及推行强有力的紧急稳定措施的短期效果。

  例句: Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. (选自2009年Text 2)

  分析: 该句是复合句,句子主干是most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either...or...引导的并列短语作a single lineage的同位语,which is passed down only from mothers是一个修饰mitochondrial DNA的非限制性定语从句。

  译文: 然而,许多血统检测仅仅考虑一个单一的血统,要么是遗传来自父亲家庭里的Y染色体,要么是仅从母亲那里遗传下来的线粒体DNA。

  (三)与形容词搭配

  如:

  amenable to (对……负责)

  conducive to (对……有益)

  awkward for (对……不便,对……不合适)

  例句: Korea traditionally has made things awkward for foreigners in terms of its financial systems, its real estate laws and so forth.

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 韩国传统上一直在金融体制、不动产法等方面让外国人感到极不方便。

  二、介词分类

  (一)简单介词

  介词由一个单词构成,常见的有:

  aboutaboveacross

  afteragainstalong

  among(a)roundas

  atbeforebehind

  belowbeneathbeside(s)

  betweenbeyond but

  byconsidering(考虑到) concerning(关于)

  despite(尽管,任凭) downduring

  except for from

  in insideinto

  including likenear

  of offon

  opposite outsideover

  past regarding(关于)since

  through tillthroughout

  to toward(s)under

  upwithwithin

  without

  例句: Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response: causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. (选自2008年Text 1)

  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为studies...have shown that...。分词causing...作状语表示伴随,其逻辑主语是sex hormones。

  译文: 对人和动物的研究已经表明性激素荷尔蒙以某种方式会影响对压力的反应;结果造 成在同等条件下,妇女处于压力下会比男人产生更多的诱发性的化学物质。

  例句: Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. (选自2011年Text 4)

  分析: 该句是复合句。that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present是一个定语从句,修饰image of parenthood,介词短语like Us Weekly and People作后置定语,修饰celebrity magazines。

  译文: 当然,《我们周刊》、《人物》等名人杂志中呈现出来的父母形象非常不切实际,尤其当母亲是布洛克这样的单亲妈妈时更是如此。

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  (二)成语介词

  成语介词由两个或两个以上的单词构成。

  如:

  according toahead ofalong with

  apart fromas foras to

  because ofdue toexcept for

  in view ofirrespective of(无论)out of

  previous toprior tothanks to

  together withup toby means of

  by way offor the sake ofin the event of

  in front ofinstead ofon the point of

  on account ofowing towith a view to(为了)

  with regard toas well asin addition to

  other thanapart from

  例句: He must store a large quantity of grain instead of consuming all his grain immediately. (选自2000年Cloze Test)

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 他必须储存大量的粮食,而不是马上将其全部消耗掉。

  例句: Corporations and labor unions have conferred great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public. (1999年第37题)

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 公司和工会为公司员工、工会成员和广大公众都带来了极大的利益。

  三、介词短语的用法

  介词在句中不能独立使用,它后面必须接一个宾语构成介宾短语,又称介词词组,在句中可作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。

  (一)定语(后置修饰语)

  例句: Chinas powerful Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade will be monitoring trade signals from the new Clinton Administration.

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 强大的中国对外经济关系与贸易部将密切注视克林顿新政府的贸易动向。

  例句: At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of features and editorials.

  分析: 该句是复合句,在than后面省略了more care goes。

  译文: 有时,报纸杂志的广告创作比特写和社论写作更费心。

  (二)表语(用于系动词be, look, remain后)

  例句: Many of the actors and actresses are on location now.

  译文: 许多男女演员现在正在拍外景。

  例句: In speaking, the choice of words is of the utmost importance.

  译文: 说话时,选词是最重要的。

  (三)状语(修饰谓语动词或整个句子,可置于句首、句中、句末)

  例句: In the long run, however, this hurry to shed fulltime staff may be as harmful to industry as it is to the workforce. (2000年第15题)

  分析: 该句是复合句。

  译文: 但是从长远来看,草率地解雇全职员工,既不利于职工,也有害于产业。

  例句: The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result,radically higher standards of living. (选自2009年Text 3)

  分析: 该句是复合句,句子主干是The findings of a research institution have shown that...。that workers...of living是have shown的宾语,workers是宾语从句的主语,谓语部分是can be trained,radically higher standards of living和radically higher productivity是achieve的并列宾语。

  译文: 一家研究机构的研究结果一致表明,所有国家的工人都可以在岗位上接受培训以获得极高的生产率,从而极大地提高生活水平。

  例句: But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. (2010年第47题)

  分析: 句子主干是we have drawn near the point。介词短语of admitting that...作point的后置定语,that...从句作admit的宾语从句,regardless of...作让步状语。其中draw near意为“接近,靠近”;intrinsic right意为天生的(固有的)权利;economic advantage意为“经济利益,经济优势”。

  译文: 但是,我们至少已经承认了这样一种观点: 不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益,生存都是它们固有的权利。

  (四)补足语

  例句: A really powerful speaker can work up the feelings of the audience to the fever of excitement.

  分析: 该句是简单句,介词短语to the fever of excitement作宾语the feelings的补足语。

  译文: 一个真正有感召力的演讲者能激起听众的激情。

  例句: Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade. (1996年第4题)

  分析: 该句是简单句,本句的主动形式为people made observations of the children...。短语make observations of意为“观察、记录某人某事”。

  译文: 观察报告开头是关于儿童的问题,结尾是关于学龄前儿童和小学一年级学生的问题。

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  四、考研常用介词的基本用法

  (一)in

  1. 表示较长的一段时间,如年、季节、月、周等。

  in 2007

  in five months

  in the second year

  2. 表示在……内或较大的地方。

  in the city

  in the classroom

  3. 表示再过若干时间,仅用于将来时态。

  in three days (三天后)

  4. 表示用……,以……。

  speak in Chinese (用汉语说)

  write in red (用红墨水写)

  5. 表示衣着特征。

  be in red (穿着红衣服)

  be in ones sixties (在某人60多岁的时候)

  6. 在……方面。

  in ethics

  in spelling

  7. 表示具体的环境、情况等。

  to go out in the wind

  8. 表方向(朝)。

  in all directions

  (二)at

  1. (表时间、年龄等)在,当。

  at day break, at the age of eight

  2. (表地点、位置、场合)在,于。

  at the railway station

  at the opening ceremony

  at 89 Jitai Road

  3. (表示速度、价格、比率等)以。

  at the full speed

  at a lower price

  at the rate of 125 miles an hour

  4. (表示目标、方向等)对,向。

  rush at

  aim at

  5. 指离某事物的距离。

  a bus at fifty meters

  6. 表活动情况,状态。

  at war

  (三)by

  1. 靠近某人(物)。

  by the lake

  sit by me

  2. 不迟于,到……为止。

  by next week

  3. 按照(某事物),根据。

  by ones watch

  4. 沿……,通过。

  by the rear door

  by the nearest road

  5. (用于被动式)被……,受……,因……。

  be seen to by the nurse

  6. 表运输或取道的方式。

  by air/land/bus

  (四)on

  1. 在……日期(表示具体的某天或某天的上、下午)。

  on Monday

  on the first of October

  2. 在……上(与物体接触)。

  on the desk

  3. 论述,关于。

  on friendship

  a lecture on CET4

  4. 一……就(表示前后紧接的时间关系)。

  on hearing the bad news...

  5. 通过,以……方式。

  on the radio

  broadcast on the TV

  6. 正在……,处于……状态。

  on strike

  on business出差

  7. 朝,向。

  smile on sb. (对……赞许)

  marching on Beijing (向北京出发)

  (五)above

  1. 在……上方,比……高(与below相反)。

  a slogan above the blackboard

  above the horizon

  2. 超过,……以上。

  above the average temperature

  above two tons

  3. ……的能力所不能及。

  above ones responsibility

  (六)over

  1. 在……上面(表示物体垂直上方,与under相反)。

  be hanging over the desk

  2. 超过,多于。

  over two meters tall

  have advantages over...

  3. 全面,遍及。

  all over the country

  4. 在……期间(表示时间流逝)。

  over lunch

  5. 因为,关于。

  a quarrel over money

  6. 跨越,越过。

  a plane flying over my school

  7. 在……对面。

  over the river

  over the sea

  8. 控制,支配着。

  to reign over the island

  to win the victory over the enemy

  (七)under

  1. 在……下方(表垂直下方与物体可接触,也可不接触,和over相反)。

  under the tree

  under her arm

  2. (数量、金额、年龄等)低于,少于,在……以下,未满……的。

  under 35 years of age

  under $60

  3. 在……影响下,由……控制(或管理、经营)。

  under all weather conditions

  under the leadership of Communist Party

  4. 在……中。

  under control

  under discussion

  5. 遭受(重担、苦难等)。

  under tyranny

  under an operation

  6. 在(责任、义务等)范围内,受……约束。

  under a vow

  be placed under restraint

  7. 根据、按照(协议、法律或制度)。

  under the law

  under the trade agreement

  (八) for

  1. 向,以……为目的地,开往,归于。

  for Edinburgh

  for you

  2. 为了,为求。

  for fame

  for ones living

  for a walk

  3. 为……用,用于,适于。

  for boys

  for sale

  for nothing

  4. 赞成,有利于。

  for or against the plan

  for the health

  5. 因为,由于。

  be punished for drunken driving

  dance for joy

  6. 代替,代表。

  to act for a person

  B stands for “born”

  7. 在……期间,持续到。

  for weeks

  for three miles

  8. 作为……代价,与……交换。

  to pay $10 for the picture

  to give blow for blow挨了打而还手(以牙还牙)

  9. 至于,关于。

  for my part

  be hard up for money

  10.鉴于,就比较而言,就……而论;达到……数量。

  be cool for a summer day to draw him for$1,000

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  五、考研常见介词辨析

  (一)as,like

  作介词时as强调同类或完全相似,另有“作为,按照”之意,like强调比较,表示“像……一样”。

  例句: In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. (选自2009年Part B)

  分析: 该句是简单句,其中known as historical particularism是分词作后置定语,相当于 which was known as...。

  译文: 20世纪早期,在北美,德裔美国人类学家弗朗茨·博厄斯阐述了一种新的文化理论,被称作“历史特殊论”。

  例句: Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. (选自2009年Text 4)

  分析: 该句是复合句,句子主干是there were political leaders like John Winthrop,besides the ninety...after 1629作状语,表示伴随情况,who came to...1629是修饰ministers的定语从句,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown是John Winthrop的同位语,before引导一个时间状语从句。

  译文: 除了在1629年之后的十年中来到马萨诸塞教堂的90余位很有学问的牧师之外,还有像约翰·温斯罗普这样的政治领袖。在来到波士顿之前,他是一名受过教育的绅士、律师,他还是英国皇室的官员。

  例句: A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock.

  分析: 该句是简单句,其中its tail swinging是一独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示伴随。

  译文: 一条大鱼在水中缓缓游动,尾巴像钟摆一样来回晃动。

  例句: Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003年第65题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept。定语从句which makes possible...understanding修饰an abstract concept。

  译文: 因此,人类学关于“文化”的概念就像数学中“集合”的概念一样,是一个使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能的抽象概念。

  (二)despite,in spite of

  两者意义相似,可互换使用,表示“尽管”,但despite后不能接of。

  例句: Despite/In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.

  分析: 该句是简单句。despite/in spite of...在句中作状语表示让步;written or adapted...purposes 作material的后置定语。

  译文: 尽管有各种专门为语言学习撰写或改编的阅读材料,但在阅读技巧方面还没有系统的综合课程。

  例句: Despite/In spite of much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年第16题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that are not fully understood修饰elements;介词短语in the life cycle of the insect在句中作状语。

  译文: 尽管做了大量研究,但昆虫的生活周期中仍有某些元素未被人们完全理解。

  (三)except,except for

  两者都表示“除外”。如果排除之物与所述之物属于同类时,两者可通用,但如果排除之物与所述之物不属于同类时,则只能用except for。

  例句: Hudson said he would not kill a living thing except for the motive of hunger. (1997年第37题)

  分析: 该句是复合句。

  译文: 哈德逊说除非是饿极了,否则他不会杀生。

  例句: He saw little evidence of a strategy, except for willingness to listen to protectionist appeals from the automobile.

  分析: 该句是简单句,介词短语from the automobile在句中作定语修饰appeals。

  译文: 他认为一项策略只有愿意倾听来自汽车行业的贸易保护主义者的申诉才能有证据支持。

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  (四)due to, owing to, because of

  它们都表示“由于……”之意。due to+名词构成的介词短语可作表语、定语或状语;owing to+名词构成的介词短语只作表语或状语,如果作状语放在句首时,一般只用owing to引出的介词短语;because of+名词构成的介词短语通常用作状语,但当主语不是一个名词而是一个事实时,because of短语也可以用作表语。

  例句: During an earthquake, the great part of damage and loss of life has been due to/ owing to collapse of buildings and effect of rockslides, floods, diseases, and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.

  分析: 该句是简单句。rather than后省略了resulting;而resulting from earthquakes作other phenomena的后置定语。

  译文: 在地震中,大量的损失和人员伤亡都是由于地震引发的房屋倒塌、滑坡、洪水、疾病和其他一些现象造成的,而不是地震本身所造成的。

  例句: When the work is done, a climate of accidentfree operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (选自1999年Cloze Test)

  分析: 该句是复合句,其中where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum为定语从句修饰a climate,过去分词lost作time的后置定语。

  译文: 当上述工作圆满完成时,一个无事故的运作环境便建立起来了。在这里,因人员伤害而损失的时间被控制到最低水平。

  例句: Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium;it is company. (2001年第20题)

  分析: 该句是并列句,分号相当于转折连词but。

  译文: 因为与人们的生活关系密切,收音机通常不仅仅是一种传媒工具,还是一个伙伴。

  (五)by,till,until

  三者都表示时间范围。by表示到某时,某事或动作已完成,常与完成时态连用;till表示动作或状态持续到某时,口语中常用,通常不用于句首;until与till是同义词,语气庄重,多用于句首表示强调。until与till用作介词时后接表示时间的名词,不能接表示地点的名词。

  例句: The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, the larger of which could go penniless by next year. (1997年第1题)

  分析: 该句是复合句。the larger of which...是一非限制性定语从句,修饰two trust funds。

  译文: 社会退休保障计划由两笔信托基金组成,其中较大的一笔到明年可能会分文不剩。

  例句: The school authorities did not announce the decision till yesterday afternoon.(或Until yesterday afternoon, the school authorities did not announce the decision. )

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 校方直到昨天下午才公布了该决定。

  (六)of,about, on

  三者都可译为“关于”,但在用法上有区别。of 一般只表示“提及”某人、某事,不涉及详情;about表示“论及”某人、某事,涉及详情;on表示“论及”详情,比about所涉及的事情更为详细,多用于较正式的文件,尤其在演说或学术论文中。

  例句: The logic of scientific development is such that separate groups of men working on the same problem in farscattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time. (1998年第16题)

  分析: 该句是复合句。that...at the same time是结果状语从句;working on the same problem in farscattered laboratories作men的后置定语。

  译文: 科学的发展如此富有逻辑性,以至于人们在极为分散的实验室里研究同一课题,却有可能在同一时间得出相同的答案。

  例句: On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007年第47题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,主句为it links these concepts to everyday realities。which后的定语从句修饰a manner,as后的状语从句表示时间。

  译文: 另一方面,这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中,这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。

  例句: Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (选自2005年Text 2)

  分析: 该句是复合句,其中主句为voices now come from many quarters。现在分词insisting作主语voices的补足语,后接两个宾语从句;until后是一时间状语从句。

  译文: 和吸烟的问题一样,四面八方传来的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学说法不全面,在不确定之前,向大气中排放废气没什么大不了的。

  (七)in,with,of

  在描述人时:in表示衣着;with表示携带某物或生理特征或某种品质;of表示性格特征或年龄。如:be in green/a man of wisdom(a lady of virtue) /a girl of 18/a child with a big head。

  例句: The mayor is a woman with great integrity and therefore deserves our political and financial support. (2000年第35题)

  分析: 该句是简单句,is和deserves是两个并列谓语动词;介词短语with great integrity修饰a woman。

  译文: 这位市长是个非常正直的女性,因而值得我们在政治上和经济上给予帮助。

  注意: with和of表示属性、特征时,of后通常接抽象名词;with后常接具体名词。

  六、小品词短语

  当一个介词后无宾语时,它的词性就转化成副词,称为小品词(particle)。试比较:

  We live in the same building.

  Come in,please!

  The soldiers sat around the table.

  He looked around, but to his surprise, he saw his father coming to this way.

  例句: Yet much had happened between. (选自2002年Use of English)

  分析: 该句是简单句。between为小品词,意为“(……时间)之间”。

  译文: 在此(段时间)之间发生了很多事。

  例句: As Ill be away for at least a year, Id appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. (2000年第1题)

  分析: 该句是复合句。主句中谓语动词appreciate后接动名词hearing和telling作其宾语,介词along后无宾语,所以称为小品词。从句how everyone is getting along作tell 的间接宾语。

  译文: 由于我至少有一年的时间不在这里,如果你能时常来信告诉我每个人的生活情况,我将不胜感激。

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