查看汇总：2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案汇总
Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by Law
When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.
It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.
Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings is
A. not very high. B. high.
C. contemptuous. D. critical.
2. The main idea of this passage is
A. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.
B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.
C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.
D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.
3. That the author mentions the old Romans is
A. To compare the old Romans with today’s people.
B. to give an example.
C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.
D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.
4. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?
A. Three. B. Five.
C. Six. D. Seven.
5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is
A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.
B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.
C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.
D. to show law is the main instrument of social change.
Vocabulary
1.relish 从……获得乐处，享受
2.orgy 狂欢，放纵
3.arena 竞技场，活动或斗争的场所
4.blood-thirsty 残忍的，嗜血的
5.bear-baiting 逗熊游戏
6.bull-fight 斗牛
7.batter 猛击，连续地猛打/捶，乱打
8.pulp 成纸浆，成软块
9.burst into flames 突然燃烧起来/着火
10.grim 令人窒息的，简陋的
11.coop up 把……关起来
写作方法与文章大意
作者采取先对比、后分析的写作手法。先是今人和古罗马人对暴虐体育上对此两者都欣赏。后者坦率成人“欣赏暴力体育”，前者施以各种接口、实际都是嗜血成性者。第二段进一步剖析今人欣赏暴虐体育的种种实例，最后指出改善“暴虐”的根本嗜为改善法律采取积极的步骤，法律才能施以巨大的文明影响，否则人类很难改变。
参考答案：AADBA
From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before， every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men， women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.
It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel， his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man‘s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering-wheel. They swear， they are ill-mannered and aggressive， willful as two-years-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations， disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.
The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behaviour. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy tragic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic， to be conveniently forgotten.
It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving， the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person‘s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be mad much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers， as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if tit results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all， the world is for human beings， not motor-cars.
1.The main idea of this passage is
[A] Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists.
[B] Thousands of people the world over are killed each year.
[C] The laws of some countries about driving are too lax.
[D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.
2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?
[A] Society smiles on the motorists.
[B] Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.
[C] Victims of accidents are nothing.
[D] Society condones their rude driving.
3.Why does the author say：‘ his car becomes the extension of his personality?’
[A] Driving can show his real self.
[B] Driving can show the other part of his personality.
[C] Driving can bring out his character.
[D] His car embodies his temper.
4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?
[A] Build more highways.
[B] Stricter driving tests.
[C] Test drivers every three years.
[D] raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.
5.The attitude of the author is
[A] ironical
[B] critical
[C] appealing
[D] militant
Vocabulary
1.immunise 使免疫，使免除
2.expectation of life = life expectancy 平均寿命
3.versus = against 对顶，反对
4.mutilate 伤害
5.wilful 任性的，固执的
6.benign 宽厚的，仁慈的
7.condone 宽容
8.desecrate 亵渎，玷污
9.code 法规，规定，惯例
10.stringent 严格的，紧急的，迫切的
11.performance 演出，成品，这里是指car‘s behavior such as speed， function etc.可译成行为，汽车行为、功能等。
难句译注
1.Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.
【参考译文】人和汽车对抗!这是一场人类永远是输家的无休止的战斗。
2.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.
【参考译文】应当禁止所有强调力量和表现行为的广告。
写作方法与文章大意
文章论述“交通事故”，采用因果、对比手法。从人的平均寿命增加和交通事故率成正比谈起，触及事故率上升的原因，要求制定更严格的法规予以制止种种造成事故的不良行为。
答案详解
1.D 只有更严格的交通法规才能制止交通事故。这在最后一段的结论中体现的最清楚。前面几段只是讲造成事故的种种原因。其目的就是：“是制定世界交通法规以减少无谓的生命浪费的时候了。对于开车，有些国家的法规太松弛，甚至最严格的国家也不够严格。世界公认之法律只可能对交通事故率起大大降低的作用(有非常好的效果。)”这里列出几件要干的事：“驾驶测试应当标准化，比现在的要严格;所有死机每三年考核一次;年轻人驾车的允许年龄应提高到21岁;全部机动车每年都应经过严格的安全测试(测定其安全性)……这些步骤可能听起来异常严厉，可是，如果其结果事减少每年死伤人数的话，就不存在什么太严格的事了。”
A. 主要是机动车死机造成的交通事故。 B. 全世界每年有几千人丧生。 C. 有些国家的交通法规太松弛。这三道答案都是文中谈到某一点，不能作为中心目的。
2.D 社会宽容这种野蛮开车行径。答案就在第三段：“令人惊讶的是社会对司机宽厚地笑笑，似乎宽容他们的行为。一切都为他们的方便而干。人们允许城市由于交通拥挤而几乎不能居住了，大型停车场把城镇”弄得“丑陋不堪，公路网玷污了乡村，每年大量的杀伤仅仅成为统计数字，被很容易地忘记。”
A. 社会对司机笑容可掬。B. 大型停车场建在市和镇上。C. 交通死难者等于零。这三项都只是第三段的一个个具体事实。社会正是通过这一件件事来宽容司机野蛮开车，而造成事故。
3.A “他的车就是他个性的外延”这句话就体现了“开车表现他真正的自我，真实的个性”。第二段讲的很清楚：“这么说完全正确：当一个人坐在方向盘后，他的车就成为他个性的外延。毫无疑问，汽车常常表现了人之最坏的品质。平常很安详愉快的人一坐在方向盘后可能就变得难以认识。他们咒骂、行为差劲、好斗、固执、任性得就像两岁的孩子。他们所有隐藏的失落、失望和忌妒感，似乎都在开车中暴露出来”。
B. 表现他个性的另一面。 C. 表现了他的性格。 D. 他的车体现了他的脾气秉性。只是表现自我中的某个事实。
4.A 只有建更多高速公路。没有提。
B. 更难的测试。C. 每三年对司机进行一次考察。 D. 提高年龄段和制定安全条例。都提到。见第一题译注。
5.B 批评的态度。文章第一、二、三段指出了造成交通事故的原因，呼吁各国制定严格的交通法规，批评现有的交通法规松弛不严格，最后指出世界是人类的，不是摩托车的等等，都说明作者对上述种种都具批评的态度。
A. 讽刺的。 C. 哀求的、呼吁的。 D. 富有战斗性的。
If you smoke and you still don‘t believe that there’s a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles， heart disease and lung cancer， then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn‘t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised， the governments of most countries hear no evil， see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly， a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain for instance， cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased， while the population continues to puff its way to smoky， cancerous death.
You don‘t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It’s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone， the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may， conceivable， be harmful， it doesn‘t do to shout too loudly about it.
This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand， it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run， there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether.
Of course， we are not ready for such a drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples， you‘d think they’d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisement always depict virile， clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke， even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life， with beautiful girls， true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!
For a start， governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres， cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning – say， a picture of a death‘s head – should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals， we are certainly weak， but if governments acted honestly and courageously， they could protect us from ourselves.
1.Why do a few governments take timid measures toward smoking?
[A] because they are afraid of people.
[B] Because diseases cost a lot.
[C] Because they are afraid of the cutting down of their revenue.
[D] Because they are afraid of manufacturers.
2.The tone of this passage is
[A] critical.
[B] ironical.
[C] distaste.
[D] amusing.
3.What does the sentence “because you are in good company” mean?
[A] you are backed by the government.
[B] You are not alone.
[C] You have good colleagues.
[D] Governments are blind to evils of smoking too.
4.What is the best title of this passage?
[A] World Governments should conduct serious campaigns against smoking.
[B] World governments take timid measures against smoking.
[C] smoking is the most important source of income to many countries.
[D] tobacco industry spends a large sum of money on medical research.
Vocabulary
1.a wishful thinking 根据愿望的想法，不顾事实的想法
2.puff 喷
3.puff its way to 一路吞云吐雾走向(指抽烟抽到死)
4.lukewarm 冷淡/漠然
5.insidious 阴险的，狡猾的
6.virile 年富力强的
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇“要求政府禁烟”的论说文，采用因果对比手法。先以讽刺口吻指出政府对禁烟的态度――软弱无力。然后点明软弱的原因――大量税收。再以抽烟大严重后果，机器所花去的钱说明得不偿失。而烟草工业广告泛滥，毒化人们。从而提出政府应从禁止烟广告作起。
答案详解
1.C 因为他们害怕收入减少。答案见第二段。“你不用看得很远就能发现为什么官方对医学成果的反应如此冷淡，答案就是钱。烟草是征税的最奇妙的商品，几乎就像日用面包的税收。光烟草税收一项，英国政府就从抽烟人身上征到足以支付整个教育措施的费用。所以在当局那么谨慎地指出吸烟有害时，可以想象，喊叫得太响时不行的。”
A.他们害怕人民。D.他们害怕厂商。文中没有。B.疾病花费很大和软弱无力的禁烟措施有关。不是花费大而采取弱政策。
2.B 讽刺语气。特别表现在第一段、第四段。
A.批评语气，整篇文章都在批评，这不是什么语气问题。这里时以讽刺的口吻加以批评政府软弱的禁烟政策。C.厌恶。D.有趣。
3.D 政府对吸烟的恶果也是视而不见。
A.政府支持。太明朗化。B.你不是单独一人。和C.你有好同事，都是似是而非的答案。这可以上下文说明，第一段：“假如你吸烟，依然认为吸烟和支气管炎、心脏病、肺癌等毫无关系，那你是自欺欺人。可没有人会说你虚伪。我们可以说你是患有一厢情愿病。这你无需太难受，因为你有好伙伴。每当提出吸烟和健康有关的问题时，大多数国家的政府对其恶果视而不见、听而不闻、嗅而不觉。”
4.A 世界各国政府应该开展眼里的禁烟运动。因为前面四段都是现象：⑴政策软弱。如英国政府只在电视上禁止烟草广告以高位人们的良知。另一方面人民继续一路吞云吐雾走到癌症死亡。⑵讲烟草的税收高，所以不严禁。⑶这项政策的后果是疾病花费大于烟草税收。⑷烟草广告泛滥毒害人。唯一解救的办法就是禁烟。最后一段是结论，也是画龙点睛的主题和标题。“作为起步，政府可以从禁止烟草广告开始，然后应开展抵制吸烟的广告运动。一切公共场合，如戏院、电影院、返点等应禁止吸烟。应竭尽全力告诫青年，尤其是告诫他们染上恶习的严重后果。在零卖的每包烟盒上应有一令人胆战心惊的警告：例如，一幅骷髅头画像。作为个人，我们力量薄弱，可是如果政府真诚地鼓舞人心的行动起来，他们可以保护我们。”
B.世界各国政府采取禁烟政策软弱无力。C.吸烟是许多国家重要收入。这两项是不分具体内容。D.烟草工厂在医疗研究上花了大笔费用。
The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems， and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. As on Norwegian politician said last week： “We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.”
Ever since the war， the Government has been carrying out a programme of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle. During the past few years this programme has had a great deal of success： Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university， a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south， and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.
The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north， however. With nearly 100 percent employment， everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad.
The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population， but they are an important part of it， because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industry because of the damage that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.
1.The Norwegian Government would prefer the oil industry to
[A] provide more jobs for foreign workers.
[B] slow down the rate of its development.
[C] sell the oil it is producing abroad.
[D] develop more quickly than at present.
2.The Norwegian Government has tried to
[A] encourage the oil companies to discover new oil sources.
[B] prevent oil companies employing people from northern Norway.
[C] help the oil companies solve many of their problems.
[D] keep the oil industry to something near its present size.
3.According to the passage， the oil industry might lead northern Norway to
[A] the development of industry.
[B] a growth in population.
[C] the failure of the development programme.
[D] the development of new towns.
4.In the south， one effect to the development of the oil industry might be
[A] a large reduction on unemployment.
[B] a growth in the tourist industry.
[C] a reduction in the number of existing industries.
[D] the development of a number of service industries.
5.Norwegian farmers and fishermen have an important influence because
[A] they form such a large part of Norwegian ideal.
[B] their lives and values represent the Norwegian ideal.
[C] their work is so useful to the rest of Norwegian society.
[D] they regard oil as a threat to the Norwegian way of life.
Vocabulary
1.Norwegian 挪威的;挪威人
2.coastline 海岸线
3.recognition 承认;认识;赞赏
4.countryside 乡下;乡民
难句译注
1.A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers.
【结构简析】用两个分号连接三句句子。
【参考译文】一条新的法律限制人们仅在长长的海岸线南端以南地区进行勘探考察;规定了石油生产限量(虽然已提高);石油公司雇佣外国工人不许超出限定额。
2.With nearly 100 percent employment， everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry.
【参考译文】由于将近百分之一百就业率，每个人都能看出形式发展中服务行业和旅游行业的大部分工人会跑到石油工业方面去。
3.Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population， but they are an important part of it， because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian.
【结构简析】复合句。在because状语从句中that是定语从句修饰qualities.
【参考译文】虽然农民和渔民并不占人口的绝大多数，可是他们都是人口的重要组成不分，因为挪威人在他们身上看到许多他们自豪地认为是挪威人的基本品质。
写作方法与文章大意
文章论述“挪威政府意欲控制石油工业”。采用对比写法。先提出政府新政策的种种限制。但石油工业有办法对付。人们都认为限制难以长久。其次讲述，从战时起，挪威政府一直执行开发北极圈北部地区的发展规划，也取得成功。但石油工业已经开始向南方进军，北方政策可能会失败。石油工业之影响超出北方，有些企业缩小，减少。最后一段是讲争论的焦点：石油对挪威生活方式构成了威胁，具体表现在对挪威理想的代表――渔民和农民的威胁。
答案详解
1.B 减慢发展速率。文章开始就阐明挪威政府正竭尽全力把石油工业控制起来，制定新法律来限制勘探开采，限制产量，限制雇佣外国工人人数。
A. 为外国工人提供更多的工作。C.卖掉正在国外生产的石油。D.比现在发展更快。
2.D 使石油工业保持在接近现在的规模。
A. 鼓励石油公司去发现新石油资源。B.制止石油公司雇佣来自挪威北方的人。C.帮助石油公司解决许多问题。
3.C 发展规划的失败。这在第二段最后一句：“可是石油工业已经开始把人们吸引到南方去，所以不出几年，整个北方政策可能成泡影。”
A.工业发展。B.人口增长。D.新城市的发展。文内没有涉及。
4.C 现存工业数的减少。第三段开始“可是石油工业的影响并不仅仅限于北方。近百分之一百的就业率，使每个人都见到发展的势头，服务业和旅游业的好多工人转向石油工业。某些较小的工业，在从国外购进货物更便宜的情况下，很可能会全部消失。”这说明工业数减少。
A.大大减少失业。B.旅游行业增长。D.许多服务公司发展。文内没有提。
5.B 他们的生活和价值代表了挪威人的理想。
A.他们组成了那么大一部分挪威理想。C.他们的工作对挪威社会的其他方面非常有用。D.他们认为石油是对挪威生活方式的威胁。最后一段第一句话：“对石油真正的争论点是它对挪威生活方式的一种威胁。”并不是他们认为威胁。
Every time Americans tune into local news broadcasts or read daily papers，they are likely to be shocked at the increasing number of serious crimes committed by youths who are only sixteen years old or even younger.It is sometimes difficult to imagine these youngsters behaving like hardened criminals，but statistics continually prove that their crimes are often just as brutal as those committed by their adult counterparts.Inevitably，people begin questioning how successful the juvenile justice system is in reforming these youths and debating whether violent juveniles should be tried as adults in our legal system.I feel there is no question that juveniles convicted of serious crimes should face the same consequences as adults.
While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade，violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.It is common knowledge that the youth murder-arrest rate has climbed dramatically.Examples of teen crime are vivid and terrifying.Newspapers and television frequently report that youths with no apparent motives have shot and killed other people.The effect on both families and society is large.
Despite the increase in serious crimes committed by young offenders，the punishment which juveniles receive has traditionally almost never fit the severity of the crimes.Since the system has historically viewed children as not being fully developed，physically or mentally，it has prevented them from being held accountable for their wrongdoing.Although many of these“children”commit horrible crimes，they have been routinely treated as victims of society.Until very recently，1ighter sentences and court proceedings have been the norm.The message they sent to serious juvenile criminals is that crime “pays” because there are no serious consequences for their actions.When the system lacks an element of fear，there is nothing to prevent youthful offenders from committing future crimes.The current trend of assigning adult sentences to youths who commit serious crimes is absolutely just if the punishment is to fit the crime.
Most pro-rehabilitation advocates argue that juvenile criminals are completely different from adult ones and should，therefore，be treated differently in the justice system.However，the cost to society is the same regardless of the age of the criminal.What comfort does it give to the family of a killed or injured victim that the person who killed or hurt their loved one was a minor? Families suffer no less because their relatives are shot by young offenders.Instead of treating the loser who murders innocent people like a victim of society，this person should be treated like any other person who victimizes society and causes pain to individuals and communities.
Tougher measures must be taken to combat this growing problem of juvenile crime.In today‘s society，too many juveniles count on light sentences given by the juvenile justice system.Lawyers can help a vicious criminal receive a short sentence，and return to the streets to commit more crimes.When there are no harsh consequences of being caught，committing crimes can be perceived as having positive benefits.As a result，juveniles are continuing to become more violent and 1ess concerned with the value of human life.
Rehabilitation，recommended by many as the solution to juvenile crime，should be directed only towards youths who have committed minor offenses.However，the juveniles who commit serious crimes should be tried as adults.A message has to be sent that we will no longer tolerate brutal crimes simply because of the age of the criminal.These youths must be held completely accountable for their crimes，suffering harsh consequences and ultimately realizing that they are no longer protected by the law.
1.It can be inferred that juvenile criminals are those____.
[A]who are under the age of 16 years old
[B]who are not accountable for the crimes they commit
[C]who can not tell major crimes from minor crimes
[D]who are more likely to become victims of the society
2.That violent juvenile crimes are on the rise is manifested by the fact that____.
[A]penalty for juvenile criminals is becoming more and more serious
[B]the society can no longer tolerate juvenile crimes
[C]youth murder-arrest rate has dramatically increased
[D]the young population has increased in the last ten years
3.The reason why young people are becoming increasingly violent is that____.
[A]the older they become，the stronger they are
[B]they receive lighter punishment than they should
[C]they do not know the value of human life
[D]there is now too much violence in newspaper and on television
4.According to the author，one reason why violent juvenile criminals should suffer the same fate as their adult counterparts is that____.
[A]there are as many juvenile crimes as adult crimes
[B]they have done equivalent injuries to the victim or the society
[C]they are clearly aware of what they are doing at the time of offence
[D]no other penalty can prevent them from committing future crimes
5.Pro-rehabilitation advocates insist that____.
[A]rehabilitation be directed only towards youths who commit minor crimes
[B]stricter sentences be given only to youths who commit brutal crimes
[C]a different justice system be applied to minors since they are not fully developed
[D]minors be held completely responsible for any kind of crimes they commit
答案与题解
1.[A] 参阅第一段第一句。
2.[C] 参阅第二段第二句。
3.[B] 参阅第三、四、五段，尤其是第五段。
4.[B] 参阅第四段第二、三、四句。
5.[C] 参阅第四段第一句和第三段第一、二句。
For hundreds of years，the criminal law has been built around the idea that wrongdoers must be punished for their crimes.The most basic argument for punishment is that it preserves law and order and respects for authority.From this point of view，punishment does two things.It upholds the law，and it prevents others from thinking they can get away with doing the same thing without punishment.Punishment is based on the idea that many people have a barely controlled desire to act in forbidden ways.
One of the best ways to reduce crime is to reform or rehabilitate habitual criminals.The main problem is not the first offender or the petty thief but the repeated offender who commits increasingly serious crimes.According to criminologists，crime would decrease greatly if all such offenders could be turned away from wrongdoing.But U.S.prisons have had little success in rehabilitating inmates.About two-thirds of the people arrested in any year have a previous criminal record.
Rehabilitation of criminals could probably be improved greatly if experts could provide the right kind of program for different types of offenders.Criminals vary widely in the kinds of crimes they commit，their emotional problems，and their social and economic backgrounds.Not all offenders can be helped by the same treatment.Many require the aid of physicians，psychiatrists，or psychologists.Others respond well to educational or vocational training.In the early 1990s，there were about 1，300，000 criminals in U.S.city，county，state，and federal correctional institutions，and about 500，000 more were out on parole.Society spent more than $15 billion to operate prisons and related institutions yearly，but only a small part of this sum went to provide treatment.Nearly all the funds were used to feed and clothe prisoners and to keep them under control.
Since the 1ate 1970s，however，there has been a trend toward punishment rather than rehabilitation of offenders.Prison sentences are longer.Capital punishments have been used more frequently since the U.S.Supreme Court lifted a death penalty ban in 1976.Nevertheless，crime prevention should aim to prevent people from becoming criminals in the first place.Such a goal probably would benefit from reform programs in urban slums.These programs would include improved housing，schools，and recreation programs and increased job opportunities.
There are many other ways to reduce crime.People can be educated or persuaded to take greater precautions against crime.They can be taught，for example，how to protect their homes from burglary.Automobile thefts would drop sharply if drivers removed their keys and locked their cars when leaving them.Better lighting helps discourage purse-snatchings and other robberies on city streets and in parks.Many experts believe that strict gun-licensing laws would greatly reduce crime.
1.The belief that people tend to behave in forbidden ways____.
[A] leads to the formulation of the criminal law
[B] makes people value order above all else
[C] convinces people that crimes should be eliminated from the society
[D]is a false one that should not be taken seriously
2.In the second paragraph the author implies____.
[A] the U.S.prison system is not working effectively enough to reform criminals
[B] the best way to reduce crime rate is to rehabilitate habitual criminals
[C] reforming criminals in prison will turn them away from wrongdoing
[D] crimes would decrease if people‘s desire could be healthily channeled
3.The author speculates that rehabilitation can be made more effective if____.
[A] reform is directed to the criminals‘ emotional problems
[B] rehabilitation is aimed at changing the economic and social environment
[C] rehabilitation is facilitated by physicians，psychiatrists or psychologists
[D] crimes are dealt with in the ways that suit each kind
4.According to the author，punishment is a better means than rehabilitation in reducing crime rate____.
[A] so it should be used in place of rehabilitation
[B] so stricter sentences are absolutely necessary
[C] yet it does not work well in many cases
[D] but preventing crime is even more effective
5. The author concludes the passage by pointing out that____.
[A] the present gun-licensing laws are held responsible for most of the crimes
[B] educational failure accounts for most of the present offences
[C] more help should be provided for released criminals
[D] the long-term reduction of crime rate depends on multiple improvements
参考答案：
1.[A]意为：导致刑法的制定。第一段最后一句指出，(法律)惩罚是基于这样一种认识：许多人几乎无法控制自己的欲望，总想以不容许的方式行事。这里的含义是：为了制止人们这种想法和行为，制定法律来约束他们是必要的。
2.[A] 第二段第四、五句指出，但是美国监狱在改造罪犯方面不成功。每年被逮捕的人中有约2/3的人有前科。
3.[D] 第三段第一句指出，如果专家们能为不同的罪犯提供合适的改造方案，会大大地改进对罪犯的改造。注意：本句是一个虚拟句，表达作者的建议，它同时也是本段的主题句。
4.[D] 第四段提到，自20世纪70年代末以来，人们更重视惩罚而不是改造，死刑的适用更加频繁，但是，阻止犯罪应该首先防止人们成为罪犯。这句话(第四句)表达了作者的观点。
5.[D] 最后一段提到，人们自身也应该加强防范犯罪的意识，政府部门、法律部门也应该做出努力。可见，减少犯罪是一个综合治理问题。
There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents.More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11，000 miles each year.Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher.For the average adult，over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels.One third of drivers who have been drinking，but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers，demonstrate these levels.1)Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes，the probability of their involvements is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which drinking plays a role.Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country‘s population，it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both.While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most，anyone who drinks at all would be punished by this approach.
To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at drinking drivers.In some states，the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers committing any traffic offense and higher BAC can be the basis for arrest.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates，however，that even with increased arrests，there are about 700 violations for every arrest.At this level there is little evidence that laws are effective ways to reduce drunk driving.In Britain，motor vehicle accidents fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. 2) As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped，the effectiveness declined，although in the following three years the death-rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.
Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic drinks will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most accidents is unclear.One thing is clear，however：unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic drinking plays a role，many will continue to die.
1.The author is primarily concerned with____.
[A] interpreting the results of surveys on traffic accidents
[B] reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to reduce drunk driving
[C] analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic deaths
[D] making an international comparison of experience with drunk driving
2.It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain____.
[A] changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined drunk driving
[B] made it illegal for the drunk driver to drive
[C] increased the number of drunk driving arrests
[D] placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks
3.The author implies that a BAC of 0.1 percent ____.
the sale of alcoholic drinks
[A] is unreasonably high as a definition of drunk driving
[B] penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limit
[C] is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal crashes
[D] proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time
4.The author cites the British example in order to____.
[A] show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the U.S.
[B] prove that stricter laws against drinking drivers would reduce traffic deaths
[C] prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of drunk drivers will not deter drunk driving
[D] suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws
5.The word“deter”in the last paragraph probably means____.
[A] prevent [B] encourage [C] punish [D] threaten
参考答案：
1.[B] 本文探讨了饮酒和汽车事故率的关系，以及相应的限制酒后驾驶的法律对事故率的影响。这在最后一段体现得最为明显。
2.[B] 第二段第一句是这一段的主题句。英国的例子旨在说明，在英国，在刚刚实施新的道路安全法——根据本段第一句该项法律肯定也将酒后(超过规定含量)驾驶视为刑事犯罪——以后，汽车事故少了，但是，因为根据这项法律可以被逮捕的人是血液内酒精含量(BAC)超过一定标准的人，并不是所有酒后驾车的人，所以人们后来认为喝少量酒也没有关系，这样，这项法律的效力也就下降了。
3.[A] 根据第一段第五、六句，1/3的酒后驾车者能达到这个含量(BAC of 0.1 %)，但是这还不到所有驾驶员人数的4 %.虽然在达到或超过0.1 %的人中不到l %卷人致命的事故中，但是，他们出事的可能性是不喝酒的人的28倍。由此可见，在作者看来，还有很多没有达到这个含量的人也同样危险，因此，0.1 %的含量标准太高了。
4.[C] 参阅第2题题解。
5.[A] 该词意为“阻止”。
With its almost six billion people，the world offers a fascinating variety of human shapes and colors.As humans spread throughout the world，their adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditions resulted in this fascinating variety of complexions，colors，and shapes.Genetic mutations added distinct characteristics to the peoples of the globe.In this sense the concept of race，a group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group，is a reality.Humans do indeed come in a variety of colors and shapes.
In two senses，however，race is a myth，a fabrication of the human mind.The first fabrication is the idea that any one race is superior to another.All races have their geniuses—and their idiots.Like language，no race is superior to another.Adolf Hitler‘s ideas were extreme.He believed that a superior race，called the Aryans，was responsible for the cultural achievements of Europe.They possessed the genetic stuff that made them inherently superior.Even many scientists of the time一not only Germany but throughout Europe and the United States—espoused the idea of racial superiority.Not surprisingly，they considered themselves members of the supposedly superior race!
In addition to the myth of racial superiority，there is a second myth—that of the existence of a“pure”race.From the perspective of contemporary biology，humans show such a mixture of physical characteristics.that the“pure”races do not exist.Instead of falling into distinct types clearly separate from one another，human characteristics flow endlessly together.These minute gradations made arbitrary any attempt to draw definite lines.
Large groupings of people，however，can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies.Yet even this arrangement does not uncover“race”。Rather，such classifications are so arbitrary that biologists and anthropologists can draw up listings showing any number of“race”。Ashley Montagu，a physical anthropologist，pointed out that some scientists have classified humans into only two“races”while others have found as many as two thousand.Montagu himself classified humans into forty“racial”groups.
This is not meant to imply that the idea of race is a myth.That idea is definitely very much alive.It is firmly embedded in our culture，a social reality that we confront daily.Sociologist W.I.Thomas observed that“if people define situations as real，they are real in their consequences”。The fact that no race is superior or that biologically we cannot even decide how people should be classified into races is not what counts.What makes a difference for social life，rather，is that people believe these ideas，for people act on beliefs，not facts.As a result，we always have people like Hitler.Most people，fortunately，do not believe in such extremes，yet most people also appear to be ethnocentric enough to believe，at least just a little，that their own race is superior to others.
1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the diversification of human race resulted from____.
[A] both genetic inheritance and environmental influences
[B] the differentiation of the inherited physical characteristics
[C] humans‘ adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditions
[D] genetic mutations alone
2.The word“fabrication”(in the first sentence of the second paragraph)probably means____.
[A] mystery
[B] invention
[C] exaggeration
[D] perspective
3.Why is there no“pure”race according to the passage?
[A] Because people of different races often get married.
[B] Because people have different blood types.
[C] Because racial characteristics overlap.
[D] Because there are so many races in the world.
4.Any attempt at classifying races____.
[A] is at best arbitrary
[B] is bound to be biased
[C] tends to pick out one race as superior
[D] takes culture into account
5.The author concludes the passage by pointing out that
[A] it is hardly possible to classify humans into racial groups
[B] we should be on our guard against any idea of racial superiority
[C] race is indeed a mystery to be explored and uncovered
[D] it is not important how people should be classified
参考答案：
1.[A]第一段第二句强调了环境因素的影响，第三句提到了基因变异的作用。
2.[B]该词此处意为：臆造，捏造。
3.[C]根据第三、第四段，不存在“纯的”种族，这是因为人的身体特征是无法划归清楚的(flow endlessly together)，任何想划一个清晰界限的做法都会证明是武断的。第四段还谈到不同的研究者对种族分类的多寡，这也是为了证明难以做到对种族进行清晰的分类。
4.[A] 意为：至多是武断的。参阅第四段，尤其是该段第三句。
5.[B]最后一段作者指出种族歧视存在的现实性。人们的错误观念与现实一样可怕，因此我们应该和反对种族歧视的做法一样防止种族歧视思想的产生。
The eradication of poverty is a shared responsibility for the international community—indeed，a moral imperative.This task has become no less urgent in the last decade，in spite of rapid economic growth in many parts of the world.While the percentage of the world‘s population living on less than $1 per day has fallen from 28.3%to 24.0%between 1987 and 1998，population growth(815 million) has kept the absolute number of poor steady at some 1.2 billion.If we take a higher cutoff point of $2 per day，the poor have increased by 250 million over the same time period，encompassing 2.8 billion people，or almost half of the world’s population.Nor do World Bank projections lend undivided hope for the future.Under the“business as usual”scenario，the number of poor on the $1 per day scale will not change during the projection period up to 2008.However，should policy measures be taken to boost economic growth and make the growth process more inclusive to the poor，the World Bank reckons that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008.Even under this more optimistic scenario，Latin America and the Caribbean，and especially Sub-Saharan Africa would see little，if any，progress.The same pattern emerges under the higher cutoff point of $2 per day.
In the light of these dire statistics and projections，it is easy to appreciate the growing public concern that not enough is being done to address poverty and poverty-related social illnesses，such as poor work conditions，a lack of respect for human rights，and natural resource degradation.Indeed，such concerns have been vented with increasing frustration，including at the Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Seattle last year，and more recently at the joint spring meeting of the IMF and the World Bank.
One problem facing governments in poverty-stricken countries，civil society，and international organizations is that poverty is a multidimensional problem with no simple solution—not least because of its sheer scale.The causes and expressions of poverty are not the same everywhere，although some common terms can often be found，including a lack of access to education，basic health care，and unequal distribution of productive assets(1and，livestock，credits，etc.)。 Moreover，rural communities，which are often the hardest hit by poverty，face their own development problems related to poor infrastructure (roads，electricity，telecommunication，etc.)，which make it more costly to participate in the national and global economy.Another factor that perpetuates poverty is that the poor often lack political leverage to influence the policies and priorities of governments.
1.By saying that the eradication of poverty is a“moral imperative”，the author means____.
[A] it is a moral responsibility to do away with poverty
[B] it is closely related to the formulation of moral standard
[C] raising moral standard is the only solution to poverty
[D] it is morally impossible to find a solution to poverty
2.Between 1987 and 1998，the number of people living on two dollars a day____.
[A] actually increased
[B] fell slightly
[C] was cut down greatly
[D] kept rising steadily
3.What might happen in the year 2008 if proper policies for economic growth were made?
[A] 500 million more people would join the extremely poor.
[B] No drastic change would happen to the life of the poor in the present poor regions.
[C] The number of the poor on the $1 per day scale would be greatly cut.
[D] The number of the poor living on $2 dollars per day would be drastically decreased.
4.Why is it not easy to solve the poverty problem?
[A] Because the international community hasn‘t made enough effort at it.
[B] Because the governments in poor countries do not give enough attention to it.
[C] Because solving the problem is beyond the means of the poor countries.
[D] Because it is a problem that involves multiple factors.
5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an obstacle to the solution of poverty?
[A] The enormous size of the poor population.
[B] Slower economic development in extremely poor regions.
[C] The government policy in poverty-stricken countries.
[D] The classification of the poor population.
参考答案：
1.[A] 意为：消除贫困是一种道义。imperative这里是一个名词，意为“必须履行的责任”。
2.[A]根据第一段，在世界范围内，每天靠1美元过活的人在1987年～1998年间从28.3%降到24%，但是从人口增长的角度来看(这10年人口增长了8.15亿)，贫困人口的绝对数量还保持在12亿人。另外，如果我们以日平均2美元作为贫困线标准的话，那么，在同一段时间内贫困者的数量就增加了2.5亿人，涉及28亿人，几乎是世界总人口的一半。
3.[C]第一段提到，如果现在的经济形势“保持不变”，到2008年，靠日平均1美元生活的贫困人口的状况不会得到改观。但是，如果制定政策促进经济的发展，使经济的增长更多地涵盖到贫困人口，世界银行预测，到2008年，5亿人口可能脱离贫困。
4.[D] 意为：因为这是一个涉及很多因素的问题。最后一段提到，贫困国家的政府、文明社会(指相对发达的社会)和国际组织面临的一个问题是：贫困是一个多方面的问题，没有简单的解决方案——由于涉及面广更是如此。造成贫困的原因和贫困的形式各地不尽相同，虽然我们可能从中找出一些基本特征，如教育落后、基本医疗条件缺乏、生产资料分配不均等。
[C]意为：贫穷国家无力解决这个问题。
5.[D] 有关[A]参阅第2、3题题解。有关[B]、[C]参阅最后一段。
The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented，and policymakers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.That there exist differences in income between whites and blacks is clear，but it is not so clear that these differences are solely the result of racial discrimination in employment.The two groups differ in productivity，so basic economics dictates that their incomes will differ.
To obtain a true measure of the effect of racial discrimination in employment it is necessary to adjust the gross black/white income ratio for these productivity factors.White women in urban areas have a higher educational level than black women and can be expected to receive larger incomes.Moreover，State distribution of residence is important because blacks are overrepresented in the South，where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater.Also，blacks are over-represented in large cities，and incomes of blacks would be greater if blacks were distributed among cities of different sizes in the same manner as whites.
After standardization for the productivity factors，the income of black urban women is estimated to be between 108 and 125 percent of the income of white women.This indicates that productivity factors more than account for the actual white/black income differential for women.Despite their greater education，white women’s actual average income is only 2 to 5 percent higher than that of black women in the North.Unlike the situation of men，the evidence indicates that the money income of black urban women was as great as，or greater than，that of whites of similar productivity in the North，and probably in the United States as a whole.
At least two possible hypotheses may explain why the adjustment for productivity more than accounts for the observed income differential for women.First，there may be more discrimination against black men than against black women.The different occupational structures for men and women give some indication why this could be the case.Second，the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the intensity of discrimination against women differs little between whites and blacks.Therefore，racial discrimination adds little to effects of existing sex discrimination.These findings suggest that a black woman does not necessarily suffer relatively more discrimination in the labor market than does a white woman.Rather，for women，the effects of sexual discrimination are so pervasive that the effects of racial discrimination are negligible.
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to____.
[A] explain the reasons for the existence of income differentials between men and women
[B] show that racial discrimination against black women in employment is less important than sexual discrimination
[C] explore the ways in which productivity factors influence the earning power of black workers
[D] sketch a history of racial and sexual discrimination against black and female workers in the labor market
2.The difference between income levels for black and white women is____.
[A] less than that for black and white men
[B] greater than that for black and white men
[C] greater since black women are subject to more discrimination
[D] smaller since women can only do low-paying jobs
3.Which of the following best describes the logical relationship between the two hypotheses presented in the fourth paragraph?
[A] They may both be true since each phenomenon could contribute to the observed differential.
[B] They are contradictory，and if one is proved to be correct，the other is proved incorrect.
[C] They are independent of each other，and it is hard to establish any relationship between them.
[D] The two hypotheses are logically connected so that it is impossible to prove either one to be true without also proving the other to be true.
4.If the second hypothesis mentioned by the author is correct，a general lessening of discrimination against women should lead to a(n) ____.
[A] higher white/black income ratio for women
[B] lower white/black income ratio for women
[C] lower female/male income ratio
[D] increase in the productivity of women
5.The author’s attitude toward racial and sexual discrimination in employment is one of____.
[A] apology [B] concern [C] indifference [D] indignation
参考答案：
1.[B] 文章最后一段是作者的结论，这段提到两个假设，一是对男性黑人的歧视可能比对女性黑人的歧视更严重;二是对妇女的歧视在黑人和白人之间没有多大区别。因此作者的结论是：就黑人妇女而言，种族歧视并没有使性别歧视加重——黑人妇女并没有受双重歧视，由于对任何种族的妇女的歧视占主导地位，种族歧视的影响几乎可以忽略不计了。
2.[A] 最后一段提到，有数据显示支持如下假设：对妇女的歧视在白人和黑人之间差别不大，因此，种族歧视在性别歧视之外几乎没有再添加影响。这些发现表明：在劳动力市场上，黑人妇女不一定比白人妇女遭受更多的歧视，更确切地说，对妇女来说，性别歧视是如此广泛存在，以至于种族歧视的影响可以忽略不计。
3.[A] 参阅第1题题解。
4.[A] 参阅第l题题解。
5.[B] 意为：关注。作者对黑人妇女在就业上可能存在的受歧视现象进行了实事求是的分析，并借助于数据进行了说明。作者的目的当然是找出根本原因，以便切实解决问题。从这个角度来看，作者对黑人妇女在工作中的地位是关心的。
Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur，leather，wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer，formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.
The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors，and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs，harassing hunters in the wild，or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault，armed terrorism，and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals，most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.
The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well—known designers have stopped using fur.
While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely，most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem，since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation.
1.1 975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because
[A]many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year
[B]a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement
[C]the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection
[D]the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world
2.Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to
[A]wipe out cruel people [B]stop using animals in the laboratory
[C]attack hunters in the wild [D]catch full public attention
3.By saying“the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed”(Line 1，Para.3)，the author means
[A]the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects
[B]the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing
[C]the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public
[D]the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical
4.The word“marshaling”(Line 5，Para.4)probably means
[A]conducting [B]popularizing [C]changing [D]outraging
5.It seems that the author ofthis article
[A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement
[B]is in favor ofthe animal rights movement
[C]supports the use of violence in animal protection
[D]hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes
核心词汇
advocate n.提倡者
philosophy n.哲学
predecessor n.前辈
tactics n.策略
identical adj.同样的
oppose vt.反对
impetus.促进
radicaladj.激进的
reliance n.依赖
publication .出版
vocaladj.有声的
assault n.攻击
fake adj.假的
号召人道对待动物的倡导者们从1975年起将自己的目标扩大到反对利用动物来获取毛皮、皮革、毛织品和食品的行为。他们提出抗议，反对所有形式的野外打猎和诱捕动物的活动。他们还与环境保护论者一起推进对动物自然栖息地的保护，使之免受商业和住宅开发的侵害。1975年《解放动物：我们对待动物的新伦理》一书的出版成为动物保护运动发展过程中的一个重大事件。该书由曾为英国牛津大学哲学教授的彼得。辛格撰写，它给予了动物权利运动新的推动力。
1975年以后的动物权利激进主义者们发出的呼声要远高于他们的前辈，而且他们所属的组织通常也更为激进。许多新组织成立了。激进主义者们采取的策略是引起公众的注意。从20世纪80年代中期起，时常有有关动物权利组织在皮草商店外示威、骚扰野外打猎者或是闯入实验室解救动物的新闻报道：还有些更加极端的组织提倡通过袭击、武装恐怖行动以及死亡威胁的方式来达到他们的目的。除了对身着皮草外套的人们进行单独袭击或试图阻止打猎者们捕杀动物外，大多数组织的策略一直是针对公共机构的。
抗议和其他措施带来了各种不同的结果。公司正在减少对动物试验的依赖;由于法律的约束以及较为年轻的工作人员不愿在研究中使用动物，医学研究也有所减少;代替使用动物的新试验方式已经开发出来了;一些知名设计师也不再使用动物皮毛。
尽管大众倾向于认同应该人道地对待动物，但大多数人还是不太可能放弃食肉或穿戴皮毛制品。放弃真正的毛皮已不再是什么问题，因为诸如日本人发明的KaIlecamn乏类鸸用‘于制造仿毛皮的纤维看起来和真正的毛皮几乎别无二致。对动物权利运动最为强烈的反对有一些来自于捕猎者及其组织。但动物权利激进主义者们已经成功地靠引导公众意愿来迫使国家对若干地区的打猎实施限制。
参考答案：
1.B 细节题。由题干关键词1975，animal treatment定位文章第一段，。其中提到：1975年《解放动物：我们对待动物的新伦理》一书的出版成为动物保护运动发展过程中的一个重大事件(The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of…)此书的出版大大推动了保 护动物权利运动。结合选项可知B正确。2.D 细节题。由题干信息词advocate和extreme mean定位文章第二段Some of the more extreme organizations advocate…to make theirpoint(有些更为极端的组织提倡……来说服别人赞成他们的观点)，而该句正是为了印证上文提到的The tactics ofthe activists are designed to catch the attention ofthe public，即所有这些都是为了引起公众的关注，故正确答案为D.
3.C 推断题。由题干内容定位文章第三段，从文中可知，公司正逐渐减少对动物试验的依赖，利用动物进行医学研究的行为也受到了法律的约束，甚至一些时装设计师也不再用毛皮制作时装。由此可知，动物权利保护者的种种努力取得了一定的效果，故正确答案为C.其余选项A“取得了理想的效果”属于过度推断，B“几乎毫无成效”在文中没有依据，C“被证明过于激进”属于过度推断。 j
4.A 语义题。根据题干定位文章最后一句“但动物权利激进主义者们已经成功地靠 ____ 公众的意愿来迫使国家对若干地区_的打猎实施限制”。由句意可先排除D“愤怒”。根据该段首句提到的“公众开始认同应该人道地对待动物的观点……”，可知公众的观点其实已经改变，也得到一定普及，由此可排除B“普及”和C“改变”，只能选A“引导”。
5. 态度题。作者没有明确表明自己的态度，但文章结尾处提到But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to…(但动物权利激进主义者们已经成功地靠引导公众意愿来迫使国家对若干地区的打猎实施限制。)，清楚地表明了作者持赞同态度。
In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small we1l-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music，and by psychologists and“human relations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job，they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one‘s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century“free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason—are the aims of social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.
1.By“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to render the idea that man is____.
[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual‘s function is negligible
[B] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothly
[C] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
[D] a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothly
2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that____.
[A] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
[D] they are likely to lose their jobs
3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those____.
[A]who are at the bottom of the society
[B]who are higher up in their social status
[C]who could keep far away from this competitive world
[D]who prove better than their fellow competitors
4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should____.
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
5.The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of____.
[A]approval [B]tolerance
[C]suspicion [D]dissatisfaction
核心词汇
ventilate Vt使通风 bore v.使厌烦 puppet，n.傀儡 tunen.曲调，调子
acquire vt获得，学到 existence n.存在 mode n.方式，模式
难句点津
1.In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed bv a bureaucratic lmanagement in which man becomes a small well—oiled cog in the machinery. [点津]句子的主干是Our societyisbecoming oneofthe giant enterprises，directedby之后的内容是修饰enterprises的定语，-g中which引导一个定语从句修饰enterprisesj
2.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along.etc. ‘
[点津]句子的主干是They are tested by the psychologists and by their superiors，其中psychologists 和superiors都带有自己的定语从句。
总的来说，我们的社会变成了一个官僚化管理的大型企业，其中的所有人都成了这台机器中润滑良好的小齿轮。高工资、通风良好的厂房和有线广播的音乐用于润滑，心理学家和“人际关系”专家也用于润滑。然而所有这些润滑油都没能改变这一事实，即人类已经变得无能为力并厌倦了“润滑油”。实际上，蓝领和白领阶层都变成了经济傀儡，随着自动化机器和官僚化管理的步调而起舞。
工人和雇员的焦虑不仅是由于他们可能会失业，还由于他们无法获得生活的真正乐趣。终其一生，他们从未作为情感和理智上独立的、富有创造性的人来面对生存的本质。那些处于社会高层的人同样焦虑，他们的生活和那些社会地位低于他们的人同样空洞，甚至在某些方面更缺乏安全感。他们处在异常激烈的竞争中。得到晋升还是落后于人，不是薪水的问题，更多的是自尊的问题。他们在申请第一份工作时，就接受了智商测试，以及对是否兼有适当的服从和独立的素质所进行的考查。从那以后，他们不断地被心理学家测试，对那些心理学家来说测试是一笔大生意;他们还不断接受上司的测试，以评判他们的行为、社交能力、与人相处的能力等。他们需要不断地证明自己和同事一样优秀，或比同事更优秀，这造成了持久的忧虑和压力，而忧虑和压力是苦恼和疾病的根源。 ‘
我是在建议我们应该回到前工业社会的生产模式或19世纪“自由企业”的资本主义吗?当然不是。回到逝去的时代永远不能解决问题。我建议将社会体系由官僚化管理的工业制度转换到人道主义的工业制度，前者以最大化的生产和消费为最终目的，而后者的社会目的则是人及其潜能(包括情感和理性的潜能)的全面发展。生产和消费只是实现该目的的手段，而不能让它们统治人类。
答案解析
1.B 推断题。文章第一段指出，人成了社会大机器中微小的、润滑良好的齿轮，高工资和通风良好的厂房便是润滑油，但事实上人是无能为力的，蓝领工人和白领阶层都是毫无自主权的经济傀儡。由此推断，虽然工作生活条件不错，但人在社会中却是无足轻重的，故选B.
2.A 推断题。文章第二段点明了工人和雇员忧虑的原因，分析上下文可知，其真正原因是情感与理智上独立的、富有创造性的个人生存状态被忽视，故选A.选项B、D只是部分原因，不全面;C项与文章内容相悖。
3.C 推断题。由文章可知，社会底层者、社会上层者和竞争中的胜利者都无法脱离充满竞争的生存环境，因而都生活在各种各样的忧虑与压力之中，所以都无幸福可言，只有远离这个充满竞争的社会的人才可能获得幸福，故选C.
4.C 推断题。文章最后一段给出了解决现有社会问题的建议，即改革现有的工业制度，在新的工业制度中，人及其自身潜能的全面发展将是社会的目标，故选C.A项是作者在最后一段中表明不同意的观点，应排除;B项是维持工业制度正常运转的手段之一，而不是解决社会问题的建议，应排除;D项与原文不符，也应排除。
5.D 态度题。文章最后一段提到，作者建议将社会体系由官僚政治管理的工业制度过渡到人道主义的工业制度，由此可知，作者对现有工业制度的态度是不满的，故选D.A(赞同)、B(宽容)、C(怀疑)都与原文不符。
Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.In all cultures，parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community‘s moral precepts.Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms，using methods ranging form mild forms of censure，such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark，to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous.The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment.Faced with increasing violence at home，many Americans endorsed Singapore‘s use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown，but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.
The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them.The Gusii of Kenya，with a history of tribal warfare，face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces，including wild animals.Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children.Caning，food deprivation，and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.
In contrast，the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca，Mexico，are a highly cohesive community，with little internal conflict，and social norms that encourage cooperation.Their social patterns appear adaptive，for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans，who control the official government and many economic resources in their region.The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children.Rather，they tend to rely on soothing persuasion.Social ostracism is the most feared punishment，and social ties within the community are very strong，so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.
In the United States，fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior，especially in small communities.Today，even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime，especially violent crime.Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment，another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had，so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.
1.The best title of this passage would be____.
[A] Crime and Punishment
[B] Reward and Punishment
[C] Social Order
[D] Two Case Studies：Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca
2.According to the passage，what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?
[A] Children must be obedient to their parents.
[B] People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.
[C] People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.
[D] People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.
3.What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?
[A] Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.
[B] The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.
[C] The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.
[D] Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.
4.What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?
[A] To stop giving them pocket money.
[B] To persuade them in a gentle way.
[C] To verbally humiliate them.
[D] To threaten to expel them from the home.
5.The word“stigma”(in fourth paragraph)most probably means____.
[A] irony [B] verbal
[C] persuasion [D] bad reputation
核心词汇
Preserve vt.保护，保持 observe vt.遵守 mild adj.温和的
execute Vt.处死，执行 applicationn.应用 vary vi.变化，不同
confront vt.使面临 warfare，1.战争 tend vi.趋向 shelter n.庇护所
cohesive adj.内聚的 intemal adj.口讲。内部的 region n.区域，地区
physical n.身体的
译文
为了维持社会秩序以及保持文化价值，不同的社会会采用不同的方式进行奖惩。在所有的文化中，父母必须教会孩子躲避危险并遵守社会的道德准则。成年人同样会使用不同的方式来调节彼此对社会道德标准的遵守，这些方式从轻微指责——比如当某人言语不得体时对其表示轻蔑——到由于个人不道德的行为或是危险行为而对其进行监禁或者处决。1994年，在新加坡的一个美国少年迈克尔‘费伊由于故意破坏公共财产而遭到鞭刑，实施这一惩罚的文化差异引起了媒体的广泛关注。面对越来越多的家庭暴力，很多美国人对新加坡用体罚来维持社会秩序的做法都表示赞同。对费伊的惩罚有效吗?之后他是否不再故意破坏公共财产?我们不得而知;但是，很明显，这样的惩罚使他很快就离开了新加坡。
社会为了维持其社会秩序所使用的可行方式也会部分地随着它们所面临的危险及损害而改
变。肯尼亚的古西人有着很长时间部落战争的历史，古西人所面临的威胁不仅来自于外族，还来自于自然力量包括野生动物的困扰。古西人的父母愿意更多地依赖惩罚及恐吓而不是奖赏来调节他们子女的社会行为。鞭打、禁食及逐出家门都是惩罚的常见形式。
与之相反，墨西哥朱克斯拉华卡的密克斯特坎人则组成了一个高度团结的社会，很少发生内鄙冲突，那里的社会准则就是鼓励人与人之间的合作。密克斯特坎人的社会模式看起来很具有适应因为他们被附近的西班牙裔墨西哥人所统治，西班牙裔墨西哥人控制了当地的官方政府及很多经济资源。通常情况下，密克斯特坎人并不采用罚款和判刑或是用体罚的方式来避免成年人和孩子的犯罪。相反，他们更愿意用安抚劝说的方式。社会排挤是最让人害怕的惩罚，社区内的社会联系十分密切，因此，用于加强这些联系的响应在维护社会秩序时显得十分有效。
在美国，特别是在一些小社区中，对社会排挤或是羞辱的恐惧对于控制反社会行为来说曾经是比较强大的力量。现在，甚至监禁看起来都不足以制止很多形式的犯罪，特别是暴力犯罪。虽然一个原因是由于实行惩罚的不一致性，但另一个原因很可能是由于监禁不再像以前那样具有羞辱的威力，因此，监狱已经不再是一种有效的惩罚方式了。
答案解析
1.B 主旨题。文章第一段的主题句提供了解题的线索：为了维持社会秩序以及保持文化价值，不同的社会采用不同的方式进行奖惩。且下文中作者所举的例子都是围绕这一主题进行的。由此可知，文章的中心为“不同的文化中有不同的奖励和惩罚措施”，故选B.
2.C 推断题。由题干关键词maintaining social order定位文章第一段，该段提到：在所有的文化中，父母必须教会孩子躲避危险并遵守社会的道德准则。此外，成人之间也用不同的方式相 互监督彼此是否遵守社会准则。由此推知C正确。
3.D 推断题。由题干关键词Michael Fay定位文章第一段。原文提到，1994年美国少年迈克尔。费伊由于故意破坏公共财产而在新加坡遭到鞭刑的案例引起了人们的广泛关注，许多美国人对新加坡实行体罚来维持社会秩序的做法是认可的，由此可排除A;B说美国媒体直到1994年才开始广泛关注文化差异，在文中并没有依据，排除;原文说之后他是否不再故意破坏公共财产，我们不得而知，可排除C;只有D正确，即费伊很快离开了新加坡。
4.D 细节题。由题干关键词Gusii和Kenya定位文章第二段的Gusii parents tend to rely more 0n punishment…withdrawing shelter，该部分提到：古西人的父母愿意更多地依赖惩罚及恐吓而不是奖赏来调节他们子女的社会行为。鞭打、禁食、逐出家门都是惩罚的常见形式。结合选项可知D最符合题意。
5.D 语义题。由题干关键词stigma定位文章最后一段，该段讲的是美国社会的奖惩制度。作者说在美国，特别是一些小社区中，对社会排挤或是——的恐惧曾经能很好地控制反社会行为。而现在监禁都不再是一种有效的措施了。由此推断，stigma的意思应该与ostracism(排斥)相 似，比imprisomem(监禁)的含义在程度上要轻，结合选项可推知，stigma应是“坏名声、侮辱”的意思，故选D.
One of the most exciting and enriching experiences a person can have is that of living abroad.
Whether one spends a year away or many，living abroad is the first opportunity one has to stand on the outside of one‘s country and look in，to compare cultures，procedures，mentalities，etc.We’in the U.S.A.do very little REAL travelling abroad，much less living，and this bent toward isolation is probably detrimental to us in the long run.Living abroad，however，works better when it is a choice and not an obligation.I know of several cases in which a few people were persuaded by others that the solutions to their domestic problems lay in living abroad.In these cases，it was the wrong advice.These people were，for the most part，like fish out of the bowl and overall，everything went wrong and only a few things right.
What country and what part of the world should one choose ? Here，personal interests and/or curiosity enter the picture.Additionally，one need not think in terms of a single country but two or three.It is easier.of course，to get in and out of a“Western World”or“Christian”country since these usually share our sense of values，also，a country traditionally and firmly considered a political ally is an option.such as Japan.Even it is fairly“westernized”。
After choosing several candidate countries，one should do research as extensively as possible on these countries.Contact with the embassies needs to be made in order to find out the degree of difficulty in getting a visa or permit to work.What kind of work is available? Which professions and/or occupations are needed most ? How do the answers to these questions tie in with your profession or occupation? Many of the long-term or permanent expats (The term doesn't necessarily mean unpatriotic!)in any given country usually married foreigners or“locals”and，as a result，enjoy the privilege of having TWO countries in which to live.
One of the countries might be more favorable than the other due to factors such as jobs，lifestyle，cultural interests，pace of living，climate，the couple‘s ages，etc.one who is ambitious sense is unlikely to go and spend five to ten years in a country that pays poor wages， yet the same country might be appropriate for the person who is ambitious to achieve greater depth in culture ，academics ，spirituality ，languages ，ect.
1.The word“detrimental”(Line 4，Para.1) most probable means____
[A]determined [B]marvelous [C]harmful [D]hopeful
2.According to the author，living_______
[A]is the first choice of many Americans [B]is a wrong advice
[C]is just a choice [D]can promote cultural communication
3.What kind of country should be considered while choosing a foreign country?
[A] The country one is interested in.
[B] The country with different religions.
[C] The country sharing the same political system.
[D] The county in the same continent.
4.As for the candidate countries，one should_____.
[A]investigate everything about these countries
[B]get adequate information from the embassies
[C]predict career future in those countries
[D]find some local to marry
5.We learn from the last paragraph that______
[A]jobs and lifestyle are the most important factors in choosing a foreign country
[B]no one would like to live in a county with poor wages
[C]ambitious people may live in a poor country for no more than five years
[D]countries with poor payment may attract those interested in culture and academics
核心词汇
Detrimental adj.有害的 expat n.移居国外者，被流放(国外)者
spirituality n.精神性，灵性
难句点津
One who is ambitious in a material sense is unlikely to go and spend five to ten years in a country that pays poor wages.yet the same country might be appropriate for me person who is ambitious to achieve greater depth in culture，academics，spirituality，languages，etc.
[点津]该句主句为yet连接的并列句。前一个分句的主干是One is unlikely to go and spend five to ten years;其中who引导的定语从句修饰主语one，that引导的定语从句修饰country.后一个分句的主干是The country might be appropriate，who引导的定语从句修饰person.
一个人能拥有的最令人兴奋和最长阅历的经历之一就是在国外生活。无论是一年还是许多年，在国外生活是一个人第一次站在国门外审视自己的国家，进行文化、程序、思想等方面的比较。在美国我们很少真正去国外旅游，到国外生活就更少了。从长远来看，这种倾向于孤立的状态对我们来说很有可能是有害的。然而，当在国外生活是一种选择而不是一种义务时，情况要好得多。我了解的几个例子中，一些人说服他人说解决国内问题的最好办法就是移居国外。在这些例子中，这是个错误的建议。在很大程度上，这些人就像离开水的鱼，总体来看，所有的事情都有问题，只有一些是对的。
应该选择哪个国家和哪个地区呢?这里应该考虑的是个人的兴趣和/或好奇心。此外，不应该只考虑一个国家，而是两三个国家。当然，出入一个“西方世界”或“基督教国家”要容易些，因为他们通常和我们的价值观相同。而且，一个国家传统上会把明确地政治联盟看作是一种选择。比如日本。即使它也是相当“西方化的”。
在选定几个备选国家之后，应该尽可能广泛地调查这些国家。需要与这些国家的大使馆联系。以确定得到签证或工作许可的难易程度。要确定这些国家能够提供哪种工作?他们最需要哪些专业或职业?这些问题的答案与你的专业和职业有怎样的关系?许多长期或永久移居国外者(这并不一定就说他们不爱国!)通常会与外国人或当地人结婚，这样的话，他们就能享受在两个国家居住的特权。
其中的一个国家可能会因为工作、生活方式、文化兴趣、生活节奏、气候和配偶的年龄等因素比另外一个国家更受人欢迎。一个对物质生活要求很高的人是不可能去一个工资水平很低的国家居住5到10年的，然而，同样的国家或许更适合一个对文化、学术、精神生活和语言等方面有较高兴趣的人。
答案解析
1. C 语义题。文章第一段首先提到居住在国外的好处，接下来被考查词所在句提到“我们美国人很少进行真正的出国旅行，更别说在国外居住了，从长远来看，这种与世隔绝的倾向可能对我们是——”。下文是讲到外国居住需注意的问题，可推断作者对出国居住是持赞同观点的 ， 由此可推断，作者认为很少到国外旅行及居住是有害处的。所以C(有害的)正确。
2. D 推断题。文章第一段第二句指出，居住在国外使得一个人第一次有机会处于自己的国家之外，对比不同国家的文化、办事程序、思想等，由此推断，居住在国外可以促进文化交流，所以D正确。该段第三句提到，美国人很少出国旅行，更别说在国外居住了，可见在国外居住并非许多美国人的首选，故排除A;第四句指出，当居住在国外是一种选择而非义务时，其效果会好得多，可见居住在国外不仅是一种选择，也可能是本人不得已而为之的“义务”，故排除C;该段最后提到，把国内解决不了的问题寄予到国外居住来解决是错误的建议，但并非所有出国居住的建议都是错误的，故排除B.
3. A 细节题。文章第二段开头提到，在选择国家时，首先要考虑个人的兴趣或好奇心所在，可见应该选择自己感兴趣的国家，所以A正确。该段还提到，对于美国人来说，到一个西方国家或信奉基督教的国家居住相对要容易一些，并不是如B选项所说，要选择不同信仰的国家，故排除B;该段接着说道，到日本等政治联盟国家居住也比较容易，而并非政治体系相同的国家，故排除c;原文并未提到要选择在同一大陆上的国家，故排除D.
4. B 推断题。文章第三段第二句提到，应该和大使馆联系以便确定拿到签证或工作许可的困难程度，由此推断，在选定候选国家之后，应该从大使馆获取适当的信息，故选B.该段首句提到，应尽可能多地去了解选定的国家，但调查有关这些国家的一切显然是不可能的，故排除。
5. D 推断题。本题可采用排除法。最后一段首句提到，工作、生活方式、文化兴趣、生活节奏、气候等都是选择一个国家的因素，但并未表明工作和生活方式是最重要的因素，故排除A;该段接下来提到注重物质条件的人不可能去薪水较低的国家待5到10年，然而同样的国家却可能适合想要在文化、学术、语言等方面有所作为的人，可见在文化和学术方面有抱负的人可能在薪水较低的国家长期居住，故排除B、C，确定D为答案。
It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco， a British supermarket chain， should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically， the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local， not American， manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit： Levi's jeans， just like Gucci handbags， must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that， by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas， Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands——which could only lead to less innovation and， in the long run， would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe——a service performed a million times a day in financial markets， and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15，000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week， for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross， Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing， says the ruling risks “creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance”。
The debate will rage on， and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff， a perfume maker)。 The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image， but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci， an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores， saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers， controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss， which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel， is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces， so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices， Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.
注(1)：本文选自Economist; 11/24/2001， Vol. 361 Issue 8249， p58， 1/2p
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2001年真题text 5(其中因2001年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第5题模仿参照对象为1999年 Text 1的第4题。)
1. Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1?
[A]Consumers and free traders were very angry.
[B]Only the Levi‘s maker can decide the prices of the jeans.
[C] The ruling has protected Levi‘s from price dumping.
[D] Levi‘s jeans should be sold at a high price .
2. Gucci‘s success shows that _______.
[A]Gucci has successfully saved its own image.
[B] It has changed its fate with its own effort.
[C]Opening its own stores is the key to success.
[D] It should be the court‘s duty to save its image.
3. The word “specious”(line 12， paragraph 2) in the context probably means _______.
[A]responsible for oneself
[B] having too many doubts
[C] not as it seems to be
[D]raising misunderstanding
4. According to the passage， the doomed fate of Levi‘s is caused by such factors except that ________.
[A]the rivals are competitive
[B]it fails to command premium prices
[C]market forces have their own rules
[D]the court fails to give some help
5. The author‘s attitude towards Levi’s prospect seems to be _______.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
答案：BBCDD
篇章剖析
本文的结构形式为提出问题——分析问题。在第一段首先提出问题，指出欧洲法庭对特易购超市做出的裁决。第二段指出当事方对同一事件的不同看法和解释。第三段指出争论的核心问题在于是否应该借助法庭达到一些商业目的，并以古奇(Gucci)为例说明答案为否定。第四段对利维(Levi‘s)的前景做出了评价和分析。
词汇注释
seething adj.沸腾的， 火热的
foul adj.下流的，粗俗的：
segment v.分割
innovation n.改革， 创新
specious adj. 似是而非的; 似乎正确的，但实际却是谬误的
arbitrage v. 套汇， 套利交易
with a vengeance 猛烈地;极度地
licensing n.注册登记
discount n.折扣
resort vi.求助， 诉诸
premium n.额外费用， 奖金， 奖赏， 保险费， (货币兑现的)贴水
难句突破
1.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that， by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas， Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands——which could only lead to less innovation and， in the long run， would reduce consumer choice.
主体句式：Levi Strauss persuaded that …
结构分析：that之后是一个宾语从句;by之后的句子做伴随状语来修饰宾语从句;宾语从句中which又引导了一个非限制性定语从句。
句子译文：利维?斯图尔斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利维牛仔服与肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉价销售这一做法正在损害其形象，因而也影响到其品牌价位，这势必会使产品缺乏新意，最终导致消费者可选范围大大缩小。
题目分析
1.答案为B，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是“…should not be allowed … to sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker.”意思是“只有事先经过牛仔裤生产商的同意才能打折销售。”是否只有生产商才能决定价格，我们不得而知。
2.答案为B，属推理判断题。文中提到问题的实质是“whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this.”后又以古奇(Gucci) “saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers， controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.”为例，说明它的成功并不是诉诸法庭，而是通过自身的努力和尝试。
3.答案为C ，属猜词题。第二段开头提出了利维公司(Levi‘s)对特易购(Tesco)的指责，后又提出了特易购的反驳意见，前后两者之间的观点应该是相反的。从而可猜出该词的含义。
4.答案为D，属推理判断题。原文对应信息是最后一段。
5.答案为D，属情感态度题。作者没有任何偏颇的阐述整个事件。
参考译文
法庭的裁决使消费者感到义愤填膺，也使很多人认为这对自由贸易者来说显然是一桩违规裁决。11月20日，欧洲法庭对泰斯科(Tesco)这家英国连锁超市做出了如下判决：泰斯科不能从欧盟之外的国家进口利维?斯图尔斯公司生产的牛仔裤;未经牛仔制造商的许可，不得减价销售。具有讽刺意味的是，这项裁决是根据一道欧盟商标指令做出的。该指令的目的在于保护本地、而非美国制造商免受价格倾销造成的损害。其内涵是，任何一家拥有自己品牌的公司都可给自己的产品定位，并以适当的方式分割市场，比如利维牛仔裤，它必须像古姿(Gucci)牌手提包一样高价销售。
利维?斯图尔斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利维牛仔服与肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉价销售这一做法正在损害其形象，因而也影响到其品牌价位，这势必会使产品缺乏新意，最终导致消费者可选范围大大缩小。消费者团体和泰斯科却认为，利维公司一案(的判决)貌似有理，实则不然。泰斯科争辩说，它只是从美国和欧洲销售利维牛仔服装的差价中套利。这是一种在金融市场天天进行上百万次、并使消费者真正受益的商业行为。泰斯科一直以低于利维?斯图尔斯公司授权专卖店一半的价格每周销售15，000条牛仔裤。泰斯科公司全球非食品类商品采购主管克里斯廷。克罗斯认为，这一裁决会冒“设置欧洲堡垒”的巨大风险。
这场激烈的争论还将继续进行下去，所涉及的范围将远远超出休闲服装业(季诺。大卫多夫香水制造商也和利维。斯图尔斯联手起诉)。核心问题不在于品牌是否需要通过控制销售方式来维护其形象，而在于法院是否有责任来帮助其达到这一目的。意大利品牌服饰公司古姿公司—由于许可经营管理松懈和其商品在折扣店里过度曝光，其形象正在受到损害—并没有依靠法庭，而是通过中止与第三方供应商的合同、更好的控制商品销售，以及开专卖店等方式挽救了自己的命运。现在已经很难找到打折销售古姿产品的地方了。
品牌专家认为，利维?斯图尔斯公司正在逐步丧失其市场占有率，而让位于像迪赛(Diesel)这样市场信息颇为灵通的竞争对手。利维?斯图尔斯公司已无力控制品牌溢价。在市场机制的作用下，像利维这样的一般品牌很有可能逐渐消失，进而被新的品牌所取代。由于其价格受到法庭保护，利维?斯图尔斯公司可能会再维持一段时间，但是没有任何一个法庭会使它起死回生，再度成为知名品牌。
A white kid sells a bag of cocaine at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents， his priest， a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom， no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.
There， in a nutshell， is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults， according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute， a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts， young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. “Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are， tried as adults，” says Dan Macallair， a co-author of the new study. “California has a double standard： throw kids of color behind bars， but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes.”
Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s， headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years， 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996， the latest year for which figures are available， all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi， the Justice Policy Institute's director， concedes that “some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated.”
Instead， adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. “Once they get out， they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes，” says Jenni Gainsborough， a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project， a reform group in Washington. The system， in essence， is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.
注(1)本文选自By Anamaria Wilson Time; 02/14/2000， Vol. 155 Issue 6， p68， 1/3p
注(2)本文习题命题模仿对象1997年真题text 5(其中因1997年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第4题模仿参照对象为1999年 Text 4的第4题。)
1. From the first paragraph we learn that _________.
[A]the white kid is more lucky than the minority kid
[B]the white kid has got a lot of help than the minority kid
[C]the white kid and minority kid has been treated differently
[D]the minority kid should be set free at once.
2. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE?
[A]Kids shouldn‘t be tried as adults.
[B] Discrimination exists in the justice system.
[C]Minority kids are likely to commit crimes.
[D] States shouldn‘t pass the laws.
3. The word “skyrocket” (Line 13， Paragraph 2) means ________.
[A]rising sharply
[B]widening suddenly
[C]spreading widely
[D]expanding quickly
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] something seems to be wrong with the justice system
[B]adult prisons have bad influence on the juveniles
[C] juveniles in adult prison are ill-treated
[D]the career criminals are trained by the system
5. The passage shows that the author is _________ the present situation.
[A] amazed at
[B]puzzled by
[C]disappointed at
[D] critical of
答案：CBAAD
篇章剖析
本文的结构形式为提出问题——分析问题。在第一段首先提出问题，以一个案例为切入点，对比白人少年与有色人种少年受到的不同待遇。第二段和第三段用事实进一步说明司法机关对有色人种的青少年的歧视以及他们受到的不公正待遇。第四段阐述了司法机关的这一做法造成的不良影响。
词汇注释
offender n.罪犯， 冒犯者
coverage n.保险项目;保险范围
option n.选择;供选择的事物
detain v.拘留，
in a nutshell 简括地，简言之;简要地说
felony n.[律]重罪
rehabilitate v. 使(身体)康复， 使复职， 使恢复名誉， 使复原
get-tough adj.强硬的
concede v.勉强， 承认
brutalize v.残酷地对待
detention n.拘留， 禁闭
难句突破
1.Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults， according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute， a research center in San Francisco.
主体句式：Minority youths are more than …
结构分析：这是一个比较长的简单句。“more than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一种表示倍数的表达方式：“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短语来修饰white counterparts; “according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”是现在分词做伴随状语：“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位语。
句子译文：据旧金山一家研究中心—司法政策研究—上周发表的一项研究结果，在加州因暴力重罪嫌疑被捕进而移交到少年法庭系统作为成人被审判的少数民族青少年的数量可能是白人少年的两倍。
题目分析
1. 答案为C，属推理判断题。作者在第一段中进行对比，目的在于引出同一性质案例因为对象不同，从而处理结果也不同这一论点。
2. 答案为B，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是：“Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are， tried as adults”。其它选项意思与原文不符。
3. 答案为A ，属猜词题。从单词所在的句子语境中，我们可以判断skyrocket与accumulate的意思相近，并且程度更强。了解到这一点就不难作出选择。
4.答案为A，属推理判断题。原文相关信息是“The system， in essence， is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities”。
5.答案为D，属情感态度题。作者通篇都在阐述司法机关对有色人种青少年的不公正待遇。
参考译文
一白人少年在他就读的郊区中学贩卖一袋可卡因。一拉丁美洲少年在其居住的市内社区也做同样的事情。两人都被抓。两人都是初犯。白人少年在其父母、牧师、知名律师陪伴下走进少年法庭—他有医疗保险;而那个拉丁美洲少年却只在他母亲陪伴下来到法庭，没有任何法律援助，也没有什么保险。法官让白人少年随家人回家，判他接受私下处理计划监管。而那位少数民族少年则别无选择。他被拘留了。
简而言之，这样的事情在少年法庭上越来越常见。据旧金山一家研究中心—司法政策研究—上周发表的一项研究结果，在加州因暴力重罪嫌疑被捕进而移交到少年法庭系统作为成人被审判的少数民族青少年的数量可能是白人少年的两倍。一旦被移交成人法庭，那些青少年黑人犯法者被送进监狱的可能性是白人的十八倍，美籍西班牙人是白人的八倍。 “司法系统对有色人种青少年的歧视每升一级都加一次码，而这些年轻人一旦以成人的身份被审判的话，这种歧视便被极度升化，达到无以复加的地步。” 这项研究的合作者丹?麦卡莱尔(Dan Macallair)说，“加利福尼亚历来奉行双重标准：把犯罪的有色人种青少年投进监狱，但对犯有同等罪行的白人少年却实行教育感化。”
正当青少年犯罪率从二十世纪九十年代初期的高峰开始下降的时候，常常成为报刊头条新闻的少数民族未成年人暴力犯罪强化了公众的强硬态度。在过去六年中，四十三个州通过的法律使青少年以成人的身份受审变得更加易如反掌。1996年，美国德克萨斯州和康涅狄格州(这两个州是唯一能收集到最近一年青少年犯罪记录的州)的资料表明，在监狱服刑的所有青少年都是有色人种。司法政策研究所所长文森特?希拉迪(Vincent Schiraldi)承认，“有些青少年需要作为成人进行审判，但是他们中大多数人是可以教育感化的。”
成人监狱经常虐待这些青少年。这些人自杀的可能性是少管所的罪犯的八倍，遭到性虐待的可能性是他们的五倍。华盛顿的一个改革团体—“审判项目组织”的女发言人Jenni Gainsborough认为，“这些人一旦被释放，他们往往会疯狂作案，实施更多的暴力犯罪。” 这种体系实质上是在培养职业罪犯;对有色人种而言，它起的作用更糟。
“This is not the type of place where this happens，” city council president George Carlton told a reporter， after the horror became public in his hometown， Sylacauga， Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper， Texas， a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago， even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13，000， halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery， Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries， textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga， like Jasper， became a chapter in the recent history of hatred.
According to police， Steven Eric Mullins， 25， and Charles Monroe Butler Jr.， 21， plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither， 39. On Feb. 19， they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There， says Coosa County Sheriff's Deputy Al Bradley， “they took him out of the trunk， took an ax handle and beat him to death.” They set two old tires aflame， says Bradley， “then they put the body on the fire.” They did it all， the deputy says， because Gaither was gay.
Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race， color， religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. “It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama，” says state Representative Alvin Holmes， who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard， a gay student， was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October， an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard， Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay， though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga's Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins' and Butler's allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither's brother Randy told CNN： “Regardless of his personal life or anything， he doesn't deserve to be killed for this.”
“The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens，” says Tracey Conaty， spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
Before Gaither's murder， activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27， the task force will launch its “Equality Begins at Home” campaign， with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty： “These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message.” The March events， says Urvashi Vaid， director of the task force's policy institute， will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid： “It's more than just a gay thing.”
注(1)：本文选自By Sylvester Monroe Time; 03/15/99， Vol. 153 Issue 10， p47， 2/3p， 3c， 1bw
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题 Text 4
1. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?
[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred
[B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago
[C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death
[D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga
2. The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.
[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation
[B]people want to extend the hate-crime law
[C]the gays are really in a terrible fix
[D] people are indifferent to the gay student
3. Alvin Holmes‘ attitude toward the gay victims is _________.
[A]indifferent
[B]sympathetic
[C]outrageous
[D]considerate
4. Similar to Matthew Shepard， Gaither‘s death ________.
[A]aroused people‘s sympathy for the gay
[B] sharpened people‘s awareness
[C]gave legislation some momentum
[D]failed to have any change in the legislation
5. The text intends to express the idea that __________.
[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors
[B]the gay people shouldn‘t be regarded as second-class citizens
[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go
[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched
答案：CABDC
篇章剖析
本文采用提出问题——分析问题的模式。第一段和第二段提出问题，详细阐述一起同性恋谋杀案的发生经过。第三段和第四段指出被害人的死造成的影响和反应。第五段指出激进分子的做法及其影响。
词汇注释
homosexual n.同性恋
echo vt.摹仿， 重复
rallying point n.聚集点，号召力
legislator n.立法者
momentum n.动力， 要素
in the wake of adv.尾随， 紧跟， 仿效
lynching n.处私刑
allegation n.主张，断言， 辩解
offensive n.进攻， 攻势
grass-roots adj.一般民众的， 由乡间民间来进行的
难句突破
1.Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race， color， religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.
主体句式：Gaither‘s death has become a rallying point …
结构分析：在for引导的介词短语中，that引导定语从句来修饰bill; related to sexual orientation as well来修饰crimes.
句子译文：盖瑟的死成了争取同性恋权利组织和州立法委员强烈要求通过一项议案的号召力。这项议案可能会将阿拉巴马实施三年的反仇视罪法的范围扩展到种族、肤色、宗教信仰和国家来源以外，把针对与性倾向有关的罪行也包括在反对之列。
题目分析
1.答案为C，属推理判断题。选项A，B，D都属于细节问题，在文中都可找到对应的信息。选项C归纳了前两段的内容。
1. 案为A，属推理判断题。文中对应信息是“Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching”。
2. 案为B ，属情感态度题。文中对应信息是“”It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama“。
3. 答案为D，属推理判断题。原文对应信息“Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race， color， religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.”Gaither的被害虽然对立法有一定的影响，却还没有一定的改观。
5.答案为C，属主旨大意题。要综观全文，不要受到一些细节方面的干扰。
参考译文
这桩惨案在市参议会议长乔治。卡尔顿的家乡阿拉巴马州锡拉科加被公诸于众后，他这样对记者说：“这个地方不应该发生这样的事”。他是在重复一年前在德克萨斯州杰士伯说过的话。几乎没有人听说过杰士伯这个地方。一周以前，甚至没有人能在地图上找出锡拉科加的位置。锡拉科加是一座拥有13，000人口的小镇，位于伯明翰和蒙哥马利之间，以大理石采石场、纺织厂和冰淇淋厂而著名。同杰士伯一样，锡拉科加上周也上了最近发生仇视事件的“光荣”榜。
据警方说，为谋杀39岁的比利?杰克?盖瑟，25岁的史蒂文?埃里克?马林斯和21岁的小查尔斯?门罗?巴特勒密谋了两周时间。2月19日那天，他们先安排与他在锡拉科加的一个酒吧见面，然后把他骗到一个隐蔽的地点。在那儿，他们先是猛揍他，随后把他扔进汽车后备箱，驾车行使了15英里到了库萨县的拍克武德小河边。库萨县副警长阿尔?不拉德利说：“他们把他从后备箱里拖出来，拿出斧柄将他打死”。随后他们点燃了两个旧轮胎。不拉德利说：“点燃轮胎后，他们就把尸体放到了火上烧”。副警长说，这两个人这样做只是因为盖瑟是同性恋。
盖瑟的死成了争取同性恋权利组织和州立法委员强烈要求通过一项议案的号召力。这项议案可能会将阿拉巴马实施三年的反仇视罪法的范围扩展到种族、肤色、宗教信仰和国家来源以外，把针对与性倾向有关的罪行也包括在反对之列。州议员阿尔文?福尔摩斯(他没能在1996年该法律被通过时促使议会对原法律进行修正)说：“非得用某人的死来在这儿，在阿拉巴马州获取使某项法律得以通过的动力实在是件令人遗憾的事”。去年十月，怀俄明州发生了一件令国人十分愤慨的事。一个名叫马修?谢巴德的同性恋学生遭人毒打，眼睁睁地看着他死在围墙上。这件事发生之后，福尔摩斯曾提议扩展这一法律的范围。甚至在谢巴德被人用私刑处死之后，怀俄明州也没能通过反仇视罪法。尽管盖瑟不声不响地保持着南方人的性格，但是他跟谢巴德一样，毫不隐瞒自己是同性恋这一事实。马林斯和巴特勒对性倾向引发这起谋杀的说法遭到朋友的反驳。盖瑟弟弟告诉CNN记者：“不管他的个人生活或其它方面怎么样，他都不应该为此而被处死。”
“人们获得的启示是同性恋是二等公民。” 美国国家男女同志特遣队的发言人特蕾西?科纳缇如是说。
在盖瑟被谋杀之前，一些激进分子就在策划发动一个大型的全国范围的支持同性恋的攻势。从3月21日到27日，特遣队将发动一场“平等从家庭开始”的运动。他们收集了50个州250桩发生在基层的事件，目的在于敦促议会通过反粗暴对待同性恋法。科纳缇说：“这些法律反映了一个社区的正义感，并传达了一条重要的信息”。特遣队政策研究所所长吾尔瓦西?瓦伊德认为，“三月事件”会使那些关心被剥夺了基本人权邻居的正直人参与其中。瓦伊德还说：“这不仅仅是一件同性恋的事情。”
The image was riveting， as justice John Paul Stevens， a Chicago native， presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there “to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?” A police officer has no idea， but under Chicago's anti-gang law， the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority， the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute， which had sparked 42，000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion， Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach——distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders——might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers “with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas， to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities，” she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. “We will go back and correct it and then move forward，” said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials， along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court， might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges： California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books， aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes——prostitution and drug dealing. In addition， a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose， prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. “The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings，” says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge， an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior——such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage——in defined geographical areas. “It works instantly，” says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo， who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. “A few days after the injunctions， children are playing on streets where they never were before.”
So far， only a few hundred gang members have been targeted， out of an estimated 150，000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe： “It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet.”
注(1)：本文选自By Margot Hornblower/Los Angeles With reporting by Timothy Roche/Chicago and Andrea Sachs/New York Time; 06/21/99， Vol. 153 Issue 24， p55， 2/3p， 1bw
注
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 2.
1. What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the gang member and his father?
[A]How the antiloitering law works.
[B]How to maintain charming image.
[C]How tough the crime polices were.
[D]Why Chicago‘s sweeping statute stroke down.
2. What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?
[A]Chicago‘s antiloitering law shouldn’t be struck down.
[B]The cop was entitled to send the gangs away.
[C]Chicago officials yielded to the result of striking down the law.
[D]antiloitering law in Chicago was much too severe for the majority.
3. The third and fourth paragraphs suggest that ________.
[A]the League of Cities and 31 states should work with Chicago officials
[B]the injunctions in some cities brought back the safety on the street
[C]California successfully starts the battle against the gangs
[D]the police officers shoulder more responsibility than before
4. What does the author mean by “It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet” (The Last Line， Paragraph 5)?
[A]The gang members should be given a get-tough attitude in the long run.
[B]The targeted gang members rather than all of them should be given a get-tough treatment.
[C] A scalpel can cut off the tumors of the society while the invisible mallet fails to.
[D]A scalpel is more powerful than the invisible mallet.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Chicago‘s sweeping statute was struck down for its involving too many arrests.
[B]Chicago officials still maintained their get-tough crime policies.
[C]It was not safe for children to play on the street.
[D]California used a scalpel while other states used an invisible mallet to cope with the gangs.
答案：ADCBD
篇章剖析
本文采用提出问题——解决问题的模式。第一段和第二段提出芝加哥因为种种原因解除了禁止闲荡法令;第三段、四段和五段针对这一问题，指出加利福尼亚的做法是非常值得借鉴的。
词汇注释
loiter v.闲荡， 虚度， 徘徊
rivet v. 吸引(注意力)
disperse v.(使)分散， (使)散开， 疏散
statute n.法令， 条例
enforcement n.执行， 强制
concur v.同时发生
draconian adj.严酷的，极其残酷的;十分严厉的：
intimidate v. 恐吓使胆怯;使害怕
innovative adj.创新的， 革新(主义)的
injunction n.命令， 指令， [律]禁令
parameter n.参数， 参量， 起限定作用的因素
scalpel n.解剖刀
mallet n.槌棒
难句突破
1.Chicago officials， along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court， might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges： California.
主体结构：Chicago officials might do well to look at …
结构分析：“along with the League of Cities and 31 states”在句子中做伴随状语，其中that又引导定语从句进行修饰;主句中where又引导从句来修饰state.
句子翻译：只要芝加哥官员以及那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州去看看那个州—加州—的情况就可以处理好他们的问题。加州的反犯罪集团闲荡起诉案已经受住了宪法的挑战。
题目分析
1.答案为A，属推理判断题。文中对应信息“but under Chicago's anti-gang law， the cop must order them to disperse”，从第一段我们可以看出作者在介绍芝加哥的“禁止闲荡法令”是如何运做及被解除的。
2.答案为D，属推理判断题。第一段和第二段主要介绍芝加哥解除了“禁止闲荡法令”。从第一段“which had sparked 42，000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”，我们可以看出这一法令是非常严厉的;从第二段“But in a widely noted concurring opinion， Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach——distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders——might pass constitutional muster.”我们可以看出一项较宽松的法令即将出台。从这些地方我们可做出判断。
3.答案为C， 属推理判断题。第三段和第四段主要介绍了加利福尼亚州是如何与街头帮派行为做斗争的。
4.答案为B，属推理判断题。这篇文章中存在对比：芝加哥的肃清法令“sparked 42，000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”，重在大范围的打击;加利福尼亚州“So far， only a few hundred gang members have been targeted， out of an estimated 150，000 in Los Angeles alone.”重在小范围的清除。
5.答案为D，属推理判断题。分析同第四题。
参考译文
正如芝加哥法官约翰。保罗。斯蒂文斯所描述的那样，这种景象是非常吸引人的。一个犯罪集团成员和他的父亲在里格利球场附近闲荡，他们在那“是想抢劫一个毫无戒心的球迷呢，还是只为了目睹一下正在离场的塞米索萨棒球队的风采呢?”警官不得而知，但是根据芝加哥反犯罪集团法，警察必须命令他们散开。鉴于史蒂文法官上书要求以6比3的多数通过废除法令案，上个星期最高法院废除了芝加哥的肃清法令。这项法令在三年的实施时间里，引发了42，000起逮捕案。
这一决定对于那些主张严厉惩治犯罪的人来说，无疑是当头一棒。但是根据一种相当著名且普遍赞同的观点，法官桑德拉?戴?奥康纳认为，采取一种不太严厉的做法—把犯罪集团成员与无辜的旁观者加以区分的方法—可能更符合宪法的规定。她这样写道，议案中使用的新的措辞可能会把那些“除了控制可识别区域、恐吓他人不得进入该区域或隐瞒非法活动外没有其它明确目的”的闲荡者作为目标。芝加哥官员发誓要起草一项新措施。理查德?戴利市长说：“我们要回过头去对其进行纠正，然后再继续往前走。”
只要芝加哥官员以及那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州去看看那个州—加州—的情况就可以处理好他们的问题。加州的反犯罪集团闲荡起诉案已经受住了宪法的挑战。这个州已将两部禁止闲荡的法律编辑成册，该法律主要针对那些意欲犯如卖淫和贩毒等特种罪行的人。另外，当地一些检察官正创新性地应用公共妨害法向犯罪集团宣战。
在洛杉矶和圣何塞这样的城市，检察官已要求对那些被怀疑有团伙犯罪行为的犯罪集团成员实行禁令。洛杉矶检察官马丁?弗拉尼卡说：“大街上巡逻的警察熟悉犯罪集团的成员，并为漫长的法庭审讯收集物证。” 如果证据能足以使法官信服，就会颁布禁令，在特定区域里禁止某些特定的行为—比如携带手机或寻呼机或阻碍行人通道。曾在加利福尼亚最高法庭上成功为泰迪公司(The Tactic)进行辩护的圣何塞市律师琼?加洛说：“这马上就奏效了。禁止令颁布几天之后，孩子们就开始在他们以前未去过的大街上玩耍了。”
据估计，洛杉矶150，000个犯罪集团成员中，至今只有几百人被定为目标对象。但是专家们表示，上周的决定为实施更为严厉的措施确立了范围。哈福法律教授劳伦斯?特莱布说：“这只是意味着，他们须用手术刀，而不是用无形的木槌来解决这一问题了。”
By almost every measure， Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last week the San Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try suspect Charles Andrew Williams， 15， as an adult for the Santana High School shootings. Even before the tragedy， Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.
So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A. in the U.S. to launch his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June， Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words， he wanted to revisit past victories——this time playing for the other team. “I think people misunderstand being conservative for being biased，” says Pfingst. “I consider myself a pragmatic guy， and I have no interest in putting innocent people in jail.”
Around the U.S.， flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheered his move. Among prosecutors， however， there was an awkward pause. After all， each DNA test costs as much as $5，000. Then there's the unspoken risk： if dozens of innocents turn up， the D.A. will have indicted his shop.
But nine months later， no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted. Only the rare case merits review. Pfingst's team considers convictions before 1993， when the city started routine DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has been released. Of the 560 remaining files， they have re-examined 200， looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still claim innocence.
They have identified three so far. The most compelling involves a man serving 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were there at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the victim's shirt——too small a sample to test in 1991. Today that spot could free a man. Test results are due any day. Inspired by San Diego， 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA audits.
注(1)本文选自Time; 03/19/2001， Vol. 157 Issue 11， p62， 1p， 2c， 3bw
注(2)本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1.
1. How did Pfingst carry out his own Innocence Project?
[A]By getting rid of his bias against the suspects.
[B]By revisiting the past victories.
[C]By using the newly developed DNA-testing tools.
[D]By his cooperation with his attorneys.
2. Which of the following can be an advantage of Innocence Project?
[A]To help correct the wrong judgments.
[B]To oust the unqualified prosecutors.
[C]To make the prosecutors in an awkward situation.
[D]To cheer up the defense attorneys and their jailed clients.
3. The expression “flabbergasted”(Line 1， Paragraph 3) most probably means _______.
[A]excited
[B]competent
[C]embarrassed
[D]astounded
4. Why was Pfingst an unsentimental prosecutor?
[A]He intended to try a fifteen-year old suspect.
[B]He had no interest in putting the innocent in jail.
[C]He supported the controversial California law.
[D]He wanted to try suspect as young as fourteen.
5. Which of the following is not true according to the text?
[A]Pfingst‘s move didn’t have a great coverage.
[B] Pfingst‘s move had both the positive and negative effect.
[C] Pfingst‘s move didn’t work well.
[D]Pfingst‘s move greatly encouraged the jailed prisoners.
答案：CADBC
篇章剖析
本文采用的是记叙文的模式。第一段指出芬斯特作为一位铁面无私的检查官的一些做法;第二段指出芬斯特实施“清白计划”的打算及做法;第三段指出实施“清白计划”造成的反应以及可能存在的问题;第四段和第五段是实施“清白计划”的结果和影响。
词汇注释
prosecutor n.检察官 ，检察员，起诉人，原告
controversial adj.争论的， 争议的
mandate v.批准制订一个训令，如通过法律;发布命令或要求：
wager v.下赌注， 保证
conviction n.定罪， 宣告有罪
unravel v. 阐明， 解决
flabbergast v.使大吃一惊， 哑然失色， 使目瞪口呆
indict v.起诉， 控告， 指控， 告发
bust v.破产或缺钱
oust v.剥夺， 取代， 驱逐
discard v.抛开;遗弃;废弃
molest v.骚乱， 困扰， 调戏
saliva n.口水， 唾液
难句突破
1.Even before the tragedy， Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.
主体句式：…Pfingst had stood behind …
结构分析：Even before the tragedy是本句的时间状语;主句是Pfingst had stood behind…;that 引导的宾语从句修饰law;在从句中，as…as是一词组，意思是“和…一样”;出现的第三个as是介词，意思是“作为”。
句子译文：甚至在这场悲剧发生之前芬斯特就支持加利福尼亚州的一项颇有争议的法律。这项法律规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的最低年龄可以降到十四岁。
题目分析
1.答案为C，属事实细节题。文中对应信息“Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools.”是对第二段第一句的补充说明。
2.答案为A，属推理判断题。从上下文我们可以得知，实施“清白计划”就是使用先进的DNA技术来重新审理过去的案件当中可能存在的冤案错案。
3.答案为D， 属猜词题。从第二段第一句话我们得知芬斯特可能是美国第一个实施非常独特的“清白计划”的人，因此他的做法很可能是令人感到吃惊的，从而可猜出该词的含义。
4.答案为B，属推理判断题。从第一段和第二段给出的事例我们可以看出，芬斯特不愿放过任何一个犯罪的人，即便他的年龄还不算大;他也不愿使无辜者蒙冤，即便案件已经审理。
5.答案为C，属推理判断题。正因为 “Pfingst‘s move works well”，美国才又有“ten other counties are starting DNA audits”，而且，“no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted”。
参考译文
用任何标准衡量，保罗。芬斯特都不是位感情用事的检察官。上周，圣地亚哥县地方检察官说，他决意对桑塔纳高中枪杀案疑犯—15岁的查尔斯。安德鲁。威廉斯—作为成人进行审讯。甚至在这场悲剧发生之前芬斯特就支持加利福尼亚州的一项颇有争议的法律。这项法律规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的最低年龄可以降到十四岁。
谁也不能保证芬斯特会成为美国第一个实施自己“清白计划”的地方检察官。然而，去年六月，芬斯特告诉手下的律师对过去的谋杀罪和强奸罪重新进行审理，看是否有能用最新的DNA检验工具揭开的无头案件。换句话说，他想重新回顾过去的胜利——这回是为了另一方。“我想人们把保守错误地理解成了心存偏见。”芬斯特说，“我认为我自己是一个讲究实际的人。我并无意把无辜的人送进监狱。”
在美国，那些哑然失色的辩护律师及其被收监的当事人为他的举动感到欢欣鼓舞。然而，在检察官当中却出现了令人尴尬的沉默。毕竟每一次DNA检测的费用都高达5，000美元。这其中还存在隐含的风险——如果出现众多的无罪受害者，地方检察官肯定会自砸饭碗。
九个月后，并没有出现资金短缺或检察官被罢免的情况。只有极少数案件需要重新审理。该市是从1993年开始进行常规DNA检测的，因此芬斯特的手下只考虑1993年前宣判的案件，并排除了那些被告已被释放的案例。在560份现存档案中，他们重新审理了200份，主要是寻找那些留有生物证据的案件和被告人仍声明无罪的案件。
到目前为止，他们只确定了三起案件。其中有一起案件最引人注意。案件的当事人因被控调戏一名在他的公寓玩耍的女孩而被判服刑12年。案发时还有他人在场。警方在受害人的衬衣上发现了一小滴唾液—这个样本太小，无法在1991年检验。但在今天，那滴唾液却能使一个人获释。检验结果什么时候都可以拿到。受圣地亚哥的影响，美国又有10个县开始用DNA对案件进行审核。
Technology is a two-edged sword. Rarely is this as clear as it is in the realm of health care. Technology allows doctors to test their patients for genetic defects——and then to turn around and spread the results throughout the world via the Internet. For someone in need of treatment， that's good news. But for someone in search of a job or an insurance policy， the tidings can be all bad.
Last week President Bill Clinton proposed a corollary to the patients' bill of rights now before Congress： a right to medical privacy. Beginning in 2002， under rules set to become law in February， patients would be able to stipulate the conditions under which their personal medical data could be divulged. They would be able to examine their records and make corrections. They could learn who else had seen the information. Improper use of records by a caregiver or insurer could result in both civil and criminal penalties. The plan was， said Clinton， “an unprecedented step toward putting Americans back in control of their own medical records.”
While the administration billed the rules as an attempt to strike a balance between the needs of consumers and those of the health-care industry， neither doctors nor insurance companies were happy. The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy， pointing to a provision allowing managed-care plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was “health-care operations.” That， physicians said， was a loophole through which HMOs and other insurers could pry into the doctor-patient relationship， in the name of assessing the quality of care. Meanwhile， the insurers protested that the rules would make them vulnerable to lawsuits. They were especially disturbed by a provision holding them liable for privacy breaches by “business partners” such as lawyers and accountants. Both groups agreed that privacy protections would drive up the cost of health care by at least an additional $3.8 billion， and maybe much more， over the next five years. They also complained about the increased level of federal scrutiny required by the new rules' enforcement provisions.
One aim of the rules is to reassure patients about confidentiality， thereby encouraging them to be open with their doctors. Today various cancers and sexually transmitted diseases can go untreated because patients are afraid of embarrassment or of losing insurance coverage. The fear is real： Clinton aides noted that a January poll by Princeton Survey Research Associates found that one in six U.S. adults had at some time done something unusual to conceal medical information， such as paying cash for services.
注(1)：本文选自By EVAN THOMAS Newsweek; 11/08/99， Vol. 134 Issue 19， p67， 1/2p， 1c
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题text 2
1. The author begins his article with “technology is a two-edged sword” to _____________.
[A] show that doctor‘s improper use of technology can end up in bad results
[B] call on people‘s attention to the potential danger technology can bring to us
[C] warn of the harm patients are prone to suffer
[D] show the advantages and disadvantages of technology
2. According to the proposal made by President Clinton， patients will be able to do the following EXCEPT _____________.
[A] enjoy more rights to their medical records
[B] be open with their doctors
[C] decide how to use their medical information
[D] sue their insurers for improper use of their medical records
3. Doctors tend to think that the rules _____________.
[A] may ruin doctor-patient relationship
[B] can do more harm than good
[C] will prevent doctors from doing medical research
[D] will end up in more health care cost and poorer medical service
4. The example of the January poll by Princeton Survey Research Associates is used to show that __________________.
[A] American patients‘ concealment of their medical information has become a big concern
[B] a large portion of patients would rather leave their diseases untreated
[C] concealing medical information is widespread in the U.S.
[D] paying cash for medical service is a common practice among American patients
5. From the article we can learn that ________________.
[A] American government will tighten its control over the use of patients‘ personal information.
[B] doctors and insurers are both against the rules for the same reasons
[C] patients are entitled to have complete control of their medical information
[D] the new rules put insurers in a very disadvantageous position
答案：ABBAD
篇章剖析
本文主要讲述了病人医疗隐私权立法及其引发的争议，采用的是指出问题——分析问题的模式。作者首先说明了病人医疗隐私泄露可能带来的问题，接着谈了提议中的病人医疗隐私权法案的内容。在第三段作者说明了反对该法案一方的观点。最后一段则强调了新法规的宗旨和不立法可能造成的不良后果。
词汇注释
brewing adj. 酝酿中的;逐渐形成的;即将发生的
HMO： Health Maintenance Organization 医疗保健机构
tidings n. 消息
corollary n. 必然的结果;推论
stipulate v. 规定，保证
divulge v. 泄露， 暴露
bill v. 宣布，宣告
managed-care plan： n. 管理式医疗保健计划
loophole n. 漏洞
pry v. 探查，侦查，窥探
provision n. 规定
liable adj. 有责任的
breach n. 违背;不履行
难句突破
1.The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy， pointing to a provision allowing managed-care plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was “health-care operations.”
主体句式：The doctors said …
结构分析：本句中pointing to 这个作伴随状语的分词短语又包含了一个介词without引出的方式状语和由if引导的条件状语从句，使得句子的结构变得较为复杂。
句子译文：医生认为这些法规实际上是在破坏隐私权，因为其中一条规定允许管理式医疗保健计划(managed-care plan)在“开展医疗保健工作”时可以不经许可使用个人信息。
题目分析
1. 答案为A，属推理判断题。文章以医生利用先进的互联网技术传播病人医疗信息会有助于治疗某些病人的疾病，但同时又给一些病人在就业和购买保险方面带来困难为例说明保护病人医疗信息的重要性，以及不当使用技术可能带来的不良后果。
2. 答案为B，属事实细节题。“be open with their doctors ”只是这项法规试图达到的效果，并不是该法规赋予病人的权利。因此答案应该是B.
3. 答案为B，属事实细节题。文章引用医生的观点认为新法规不但不利于保护病人的隐私，反而会actually erode privacy，由此可见答案应该是B.
4. 答案为A，属推理判断题。前文讲到了病人因为羞于启齿或者担心失去保险赔付而隐瞒病情，使疾病得不到治疗;然后说The fear is real. 继而引用普利斯顿调查研究协会的调查结果，意在说明这一问题的严重性。
5. 答案为D，属事实细节题。文章中提到保险公司的反对意见时，引用了保险公司的说法：the rules would make them vulnerable to lawsuits.由此可见答案应该是D.A项中提出的政府加强对病人私人信息的控制的说法是不正确的，因为保险公司抗议的是政府要加强对法规实施情况的审查(the increased level of federal scrutiny required by the new rules' enforcement provisions)。
参考译文
技术是一把双刃剑。这一点在医疗保健领域尤为明显。借助技术，医生可以测试病人的遗传缺陷——并通过互联网很快将结果传遍全世界。对于那些需要治疗的人来说，这是好消息;但对于那些正在找工作，或者想要买一份保险的人来说，这样的消息可能非常糟糕。
上周比尔。克林顿总统向国会提交了一份病人权利法案的推论：医疗隐私权。从2002年开始，根据2月即将生效的法规，病人将有权规定透露其个人医疗资料的条件。他们可以检查自己的病历并进行更正。他们也可以了解哪些人曾看过他们的信息。医护人员或者保险公司对病历使用不当将会导致民事或者刑事处罚。克林顿说，这一提案“在促使美国人重新获得对自己的病历控制权方面迈出了极其重要的一步。”
虽然政府称这些法规旨在平衡消费者和医疗保健行业的需求，但医生和保险公司对此都颇有微词。医生认为这些法规实际上是在破坏隐私权，因为其中一条规定允许管理式医疗保健计划(managed-care plan)在“开展医疗保健工作”时可以不经许可使用个人信息。医生们称其为一个漏洞，它使得医疗保健机构(HMO)和其他保险公司可以打着评估医疗保健质量的旗号窥探医患关系。同时，保险公司也对这些法规持反对意见，他们认为这些法规很容易让他们惹上官司。其中一条法规令他们尤为不满，该法规规定：保险公司对律师和会计这样的“商业伙伴”的侵犯隐私行为负责。这两个群体都一致认为，保护隐私会使医疗保健成本增加至少38亿美元，在接下来的五年里也许还会增加更多。根据新法规的执行条例，联邦政府将加大对医疗保健行业的审查力度，他们对此也表示不满。
新法规的目标之一就是要让病人不再担心自己的隐私被泄漏，从而鼓励他们对医生坦诚相告。今天各种各样的癌症和性病可能会因为病人羞于启齿或者担心失去保险赔付而得不到治疗。这种担心并非无中生有：克林顿的助手补充说，由普林斯顿调查研究协会在一月份进行的一项民意测试显示，在美国，每六个成年人中就有一个曾经做过刻意隐瞒医疗信息的事情，比如用现金支付服务费。
When Gina Garro and Brian Duplisea adopted 4-month-old Andres from Colombia last month， they were determined to take time off from work to care for him. Six years ago， after their daughter， Melina， was born， the family scraped by on Duplisea's $36，000 salary as a construction worker so Garro， a special-education teacher， could stay home. Now， since Garro's job furnishes the family health insurance， she'll head back to work this fall while Duplisea juggles diapers and baby bottles. His boss agreed to the time off——but he will have to forgo his $18-an-hour pay. It won't be easy. Though Garro's $40，000 salary will cover their mortgage， the couple will have to freeze their retirement accounts， scale back on Melina's after-school activities——and pray that nothing goes wrong with the car. “It takes away from your cushion and your security，” says Garro. “Things will be tight.”
The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro's， offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns， tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives. But while the law guarantees that workers won't lose their jobs， it doesn't cover their paychecks. One survey last year showed that while 24 million Americans had taken leaves since 1999， 2.7 million more wanted to， but couldn't afford it. That may change soon. In response to increasing demands from voters， at least 25 states are now exploring new ways to offer paid leave. One possibility： tapping state disability funds. A handful of states——New York， New Jersey， California， Rhode Island and Hawaii——already dip into disability money to offer partial pay for women on maternity leave. But that doesn't help dads or people caring for elderly parents. New Jersey and New York may soon expand disability programs to cover leave for fathers and other caretakers. Thirteen states， including Arizona， Illinois and Florida， have proposed using unemployment funds to pay for leave.
Massachusetts has been especially creative. When the state's acting governor， Jane Swift， gave birth to twin daughters in May， she drew attention to the issue with her own “working maternity leave”： she telecommuted part-time but earned her usual full-time salary. Even before Swift returned to work last week， the state Senate unanimously passed a pilot plan that would use surplus funds from a health-insurance program for the unemployed to give new parents 12 weeks off at half pay. Another plan， proposed in the House， would require employers to kick in $20 per worker to set up a “New Families Trust Fund.” Businesses would get tax credits in return. This week Swift is expected to announce her own paid-leave plan for lower-income mothers and fathers. Polls show widespread public support——another reason Swift and other politicians across the country have embraced the issue.
Still， not everyone's wild about the idea. People without children question why new parents——the first group to get paid leave under many of the proposed plans——should get more government perks than they do. Business groups are resistant to proposals that would raid unemployment funds; several have already filed suit to block them. As the economy slows， many companies say they can't afford to contribute to proposed new benefit funds either. Business lobbyists say too many employees already abuse existing federal family-leave laws by taking time off for dubious reasons or in tiny time increments. The proposed laws， they say， would only make matters worse.
For Garro and Duplisea， though， the new laws could make all the difference. As Melina fixes a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich， Duplisea hugs a snoozing Andres against his T shirt. “We're trying to do the right thing by two kids， and we have to sacrifice，” Duplisea says. In Massachusetts and plenty of other states， help may be on the way.
注(1) 本文选自Newsweek;8/27/2001， Vol. 138 Issue 9， p46， 1p， 1c
注(2) 本文习题命题模仿对象是1997年真题text 1(1，2，3，5题)，第4题模仿1997年真题text 3 的第2题。
1. From the first paragraph， we learn that __________________.
[A] Garro and Duplisea used to live a comfortable and easy life.
[B] Duplisea‘s boss is so considerate as to allow him to keep his job
[C] Garro can earn more money so she should go back to work.
[D] The couple have made a lot of sacrifices to take care of their children.
2. When Garro says “It takes away from your cushion and your security”， she means _____________________.
[A] it exhausts her family savings
[B] it plunges her family into financial trouble
[C] it deprives her children of health insurance
[D] it makes her feel insecure
3. If Garro lives in Massachusetts， she will ___________________.
[A] have 12 weeks off at half pay
[B] telecommute part-time but earn full-time salary
[C] leave her job without pay to take care of her kids
[D] get $20 from her employer for her leave
4. The word “perk” (Line 2， Para. 4) most probably means _______________.
[A] grant
[B] policy
[C] encouragement
[D] reward
5. The author‘s attitude towards paid leave seems to be that of _________________.
[A] opposition
[B] suspicion
[C] approval
[D] indifference
答案：DBAAC
篇章剖析
本文为说明文，主要介绍带薪请假政策的起因，制定和实施情况，以及所面临的问题和反对意见。文章首先以加罗一家的经历说明停薪请假的人所面临的经济困难。然后在第二，第三段介绍了一下各州针对这一问题的解决方案。第四段介绍了反对者的态度和看法，最后一段再次以加罗一家的情况来说明带薪请假政策可能带来的积极变化，并且呼应了文章开头部分，以此作为结尾，使得全文层次分明，结构完整。
词汇注释
scrape v. (常与along， by， through连用)勉强维持生计;勉强通过
furnish v. 供应， 提供
juggle v. 耍，弄
diaper n. 尿布
forgo v. 抛弃;放弃
cushion n. 缓冲，减轻或缓和不利后果的东西：
tap v. 开发;利用
maternity adj. 母性的，初为人母的孕妇的;适合于孕妇的，生小孩或成为母亲的第一个月的
telecommute v. (在家里通过使用与工作单位连接的计算机终端)远距离工作
pilot plan 试点方案
kick in 参与提供资金和其他帮助的活动中去
tax credit 税金免除
perk n. 额外津贴 (亦作： perquisite)
raid v. 侵吞
lobbyist n. 院外活动集团成员;说客
increment n. 增加， 增量
难句突破
1.The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro's， offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns， tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives.
主体句式：The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help…
结构分析：本句是一个复杂句，既包括从句，也包括分词结构。be supposed to do something 表示“应该做某事”，通常强调“义务，责任”等。safety net 原义是防止坠落受伤的“安全网”，在此引申为“安全保障”。
句子译文：1993年颁布的《家庭医疗休假法》本来应该帮助像加罗这样的家庭，为那些请假照顾新生儿，治疗重病或者照顾患病亲人的员工提供一个安全保障。
题目分析
1. 答案为D，属事实细节题。见第一段。为了照顾两个孩子，这一对夫妇俩做出了许多选择。这些选择大都意味着做出一定牺牲，比如请假在家照顾孩子，收入减少，冻结养老金帐户，减少孩子课外活动开支等。
2. 答案为B，属判断推理题。 从第一段列举的事实来看，加罗夫妇不得不冻结养老金帐号，减少梅丽娜的课后活动开支——还要祷告汽车别出问题。可见请假照顾孩子给他们带来了严重的经济问题。答案B正确。
3. 答案为A，属事实细节题。内容涉及马萨诸塞州最近通过的一项议案。原文参照第三段第五行。
4. 答案为A，属猜词题。从第二，第三段的内容来看，各州政府试图动用各种基金对请假照料新生婴儿的父母进行经济上的帮助，因此A项在意义上最符合。
5. 答案是C，属推理判断题。本文重点说明了停薪请假人所面临的经济困难，以及各州的解决方案。并在最后一段说明带薪请假政策可能带来的积极变化。从材料的选择来看，作者对于带薪请假政策持积极的态度，所以答案C正确。
原文翻译
上个月，吉纳。加罗和布莱恩。杜普里希从哥伦比亚收养四个月大的安德烈时，这对夫妇决定请假照顾他。六年前，他们的女儿梅丽娜出生后，这家人靠着杜普里希作建筑工人每年36，000美元的薪水勉强度日，这样，从事特殊教育教学的加罗就可以呆在家里照顾孩子。如今，因为加罗的工作能够为家庭提供医疗健康保险，她将在今年秋季回去工作，而让杜普里希摆弄那些尿片和婴儿奶瓶。他的老板同意他请假——但他必须为此放弃十八美元一小时的报酬。这可有些让这个家庭犯难。虽然加罗40，000美元的年薪可以支付他们的抵押贷款，但夫妇俩却不得不冻结他们的退休帐户，减少梅丽娜的课后活动开支——还要祷告汽车别出问题。“我们不再后顾无忧，”加罗说道：“生活会变得很拮据。”
1993年颁布的《家庭医疗休假法》本来应该帮助像加罗这样的家庭，为那些请假照顾新生儿，治疗重病或者照顾患病亲人的员工提供一个安全保障。可是，法律虽然可以保证这些员工不至于丢掉工作，却不能支付他们的薪水。去年的一项调查显示，虽然从1999年以来有4000万美国人请假，但还有270万想要请假，却承受不起请假带来的损失。要不了多久这种情况就会改变。目前至少有25个州正在探索提供带薪休假的新途径，以回应选民日益增加的要求。一种可能就是利用州伤病基金。一些州——纽约州，新泽西，加利福尼亚，罗德岛和夏威夷——已经动用伤病基金为请孕产假的妇女提供部分工资。但这种举措并不能帮助那些做父亲的人和照料年迈父母的人。新泽西州和纽约州也许不久就会扩大伤病基金计划的覆盖面，让那些请假照料孩子的父亲们和其他照料伤病亲属的人都能从中受益。包括亚利桑那州，伊利诺伊州和佛罗里达州在内的十三个州已经提议动用失业基金来支付请假工资。
马萨诸塞州的举措尤具创意。当该州的代理州长，简。斯威夫特五月生下一对双胞胎女儿的时候，她以自己“请产假”的方式引起人们对这一问题的关注。她在家通过电脑终端远程工作，做的是兼职工作，拿的却是全职的薪水。在她上周重返工作岗位之前，州参议院就一致通过了一项试点方案，允许动用失业人员医疗保险计划的剩余基金，让刚生了孩子的父母可以拿一半工资，请假12周。众议院提议的另外一项计划则要求雇主为每个员工增加20美元工资，以便设立一个“新家庭信托基金”。作为回报，商业企业可以获得税金免除。这一周，预计斯威夫特将宣布她本人针对低收入母亲和父亲提出的带薪请假计划。民意测验显示了广泛的公众支持——这是斯威夫特和其他国内政治家乐意解决这一问题的另外一个原因。
不过，并不是所有人都热衷这种想法。一些没有子女的人质疑为什么刚生了孩子的父母——他们是许多提案当中第一批获得带薪请假待遇的人——得到的政府补贴比他们的多。商业机构抵制动用失业基金的提案;一些机构甚至已经提起诉讼以阻止这些提案获得通过。随着经济发展的减速，许多公司也说他们无力为提议中的福利基金提供资金。商业企业的院外游说成员说有太多的员工已经滥用现有的联邦家庭医疗休假法，以许多可疑的借口请假，或者拖延一点请假时间。他们认为该法律提案只会使情况变得更糟。
不过，对于加罗和杜普里希来说，新的法律会使他们的境况大为不同。梅丽娜准备一块花生-黄油-果冻三明治的时候，杜普里希把怀中打盹的安德烈抱在胸前。“我们正在努力为两个孩子创造好的条件，所以不得不做出牺牲，”杜普里希说。在马塞诸塞州和其他许多州，也许很快人们就会得到这样的帮助。
Few lawyers did more to help George W. Bush become president than Barry Richard. As Bush's quarterback in the Florida courts during last fall's bruising recount， the white-maned Tallahassee， Fla.， litigator became a familiar figure to TV audiences. He got the GOP equivalent of rock-star treatment when he came to Washington last January for Bush's Inauguration. At one ball， recalls law partner Fred Baggett， a heavyset Texas woman lifted Richard off the floor and planted a big kiss on his cheek， exclaiming， “I love you for giving us our president!”
But Richard has discovered that the Bushies' gratitude has its limits. More than four months after the U.S. Supreme Court ended the 2000 election， he and his firm， Greenberg Traurig， are still owed more than $800，000 in legal fees. The firm， which sent 39 lawyers and 13 paralegals into court battles all over the state， is one of a dozen that have so far been stiffed. The estimated total tab： more than $2 million. The situation， NEWSWEEK has learned， has gotten increasingly sticky. While lawyers complain privately about foot dragging (Richard says he's not among them)， Bush advisers are griping about “astronomical” bills——including one from a litigator who charged for more than 24 hours of work in a single day. “What you've got here is a bunch of rich lawyers bellyaching，” says one former Bush campaign official. “Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this.”
The lawyers were supposed to get their money from the Bush Recount Committee， a fund-raising vehicle set up when the Florida fight began. A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money， the committee and its chief fund-raiser， Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans， swiftly collected $8.3 million——more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. To avoid charges that the recount was being bankrolled by special interests， the Bushies imposed a $5，000 cap on individual donations， a PR gesture they now regret. After paying off caterers， air charters and the army of GOP Hill types who came to Florida as “observers，” the “kitty ran dry，” says one source.
The Bush camp says it intends to pay up. But Ben Ginsberg， the former chief campaign counsel who has inherited the mess， hasn't yet figured out how. As for the law firms， they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients， for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices. Greenberg Traurig now represents electric power companies， drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests willing to pay big money for access to policymakers. Whether Richard and company collect or not， that $800，000 could end up being a smart investment.
注(1)： 本文选自Newsweek; 04/23/2001， Vol. 137 Issue 17， p28， 2/3p， 1c
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象是1995年真题text 3(1，2，3，5题)，第4题模仿1995年真题text 4 的第1题。
1. The word “quarterback” (Line 2， Para. 2) most probably means ______________.
[A] supporter
[B] counsel
[C] assistant
[D] adviser
2. The main problem Richard is facing now is __________________.
[A] the ingratitude of the Bushies
[B] the complaints of his law partners
[C] the unpaid bills
[D] Bush advisers‘ criticism
3. From the passage we can infer that _____________.
[A] Lawyers also benefited a lot from working for the Bush Camp.
[B] Al Gore lost the recount case because his Recount Committee raised far fewer funds than that of Bush‘s.
[C] Texan women are all very proud of having Bush as their president.
[D] The Bushies intend to become deadbeat clients because it does no harm to their relationship with law firms.
4. According to the passage， the Bush Recount Committee ________________.
[A] spent all the raised money to pay its lawyers.
[B] had got most of its funds from individuals.
[C] could have raised more money if they hadn‘t imposed a cap on individual donations.
[D] had to pay the bills of the army for their help in Bush‘s election.
5. We can learn from the last paragraph that _________________.
[A] The Bush camp also owes electrical power companies and drug manufacturers a lot of money.
[B] Richard and his company have invested their legal fees to expand their business.
[C] Greenberg Traurig works for electric power companies， drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests.
[D] Law firms don‘t want to lose influential clients even if they don’t pay off their legal fees.
答案：BCACD
篇章剖析
本文说明文，采用提出问题——分析问题的写作模式。在第一段，作者介绍了Barry Richard，这个帮助布什赢得选举的重要人物。第二段则说明了他和他的法律公司所面临的问题：布什重新计票委员会尚未支付他们的律师费。第三段介绍了布什重新计票委员会的工作及其资金使用情况。第四段则分析说明即使该法律公司收不回律师费，他们仍然需要维持和这种客户的关系。
词汇注释
quarterback n. [橄榄球] 四分卫;关键人物;智囊
bruising adj. 困难的;令人不快的
mane n. (人的)长头发;鬃毛
Tallahassee n. 塔拉哈西[美国佛罗里达州首府]
litigator n. 诉讼律师
GOP Grand Old Party 大老党(美国共和党的别称)
paralegal n. 律师的专职助手， 律师帮办
stiff v. [美俚]不肯给 …… 小账， 让……空手而去;失信没给予或供给(担保的或期望的东西)
astronomical adj. 庞大无法估计的
bellyache v. 发(不该发的)牢骚，抱怨
nebulous adj. 含糊的，模糊的;暧昧的
bankroll v. 为…提供资金承担(如企业风险)的花费
PR 公共关系 (public relation)
caterer n. 包办伙食的人; 筹备文娱节目的人
deadbeat n. 赖债不还的人， 游手好闲者
burgeon v. (迅速)成长，发展
难句突破
1.A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money， the committee and its chief fund-raiser， Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans， swiftly collected $8.3 million——more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers.
主体句式：the committee and its chief fund-raiser… swiftly collected …
结构分析：本句是个包含同位语和附近说明的长句。a nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money 是委员会的同位语，起到补充说明的作用，而破折号之后的成分也是对句子的补充说明。
句子译文：法律不要求这个性质模糊的机构透露其使用资金的情况。该委员会和它的主要筹资人，得克萨斯州石油商(现商务秘书)唐。伊万斯很快就筹集了830万美元——是艾尔。戈尔重新计票委员会所筹集的390万美元资金的两倍还多，并用这笔钱来支付律师费用。
题目分析
1. 答案是B，属猜词题。 根据上下文，Richard作为诉讼律师为布什在佛罗里达法庭的成功立下了汗马功劳。quarterback原义是橄榄球比赛中的四分卫，是球赛中的关键人物，这里则是指在法庭中为布什效力的辩护律师，是在法庭中胜诉的关键人物。counsel有辩护律师的意义，词义最为接近。
2. 答案是C，属事实细节题。文章第二段提到了布什阵营向Richard的公司拖欠的巨额律师费以及由此引发的抱怨和布什竞选班子的辩解，可见其面临的主要问题是账单未付清的问题。
3. 答案是A，属推理判断题。这从第二段引用布什竞选班子成员的话：“Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this.”和最后一段that $800，000 could end up being a smart investment两句中可以看出律师事务所和律师们都从其为布什阵营的服务中获益非浅。
4. 答案是C，属推理判断题。文章第三段提到布什重新计票委员会设置了个人捐助的上限(imposed a $5，000 cap on individual donations)，并为此后悔。在第三段结尾处讲到在付完各种费用后，他们的资金已经所剩无几(the “kitty ran dry”)，由此可以推断出答案C.
5. 答案是D，属推理判断题。从最后一段As for the law firms， they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients， for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices.来看，为了华盛顿的业务，律师事务所还不得不拉拢赖账的客户。所以答案D是正确的。
参考译文
为了帮助乔治。W.布什成为总统，巴里。理查德作了比大多数律师都要多的工作。作为在去年秋天那场难解难分的重新计票风波中布什的法庭辩护律师，这位佛罗里达州塔拉哈西市的诉讼律师成了电视观众熟悉的人物。去年一月他到华盛顿参加布什就职典礼的时候，得到了共和党对待摇滚歌星的待遇。据他的律师合伙人弗莱德。巴格特回忆，在一场舞会中，一位体格壮实的得克萨斯妇女将理查德举了起来，在他脸上重重地吻了一下，并且大声说道：“你成就了我们的总统，我爱你!”
但理查德发现布什们的感激是有限的。在美国最高法院裁定2000年选举最终获胜者四个多月后，他和他的“格林伯格。特里格”公司仍然被拖欠了超过80万美元的法律服务费。他的公司将39名律师和13名律师助手派往全州各地参与法庭辩论，现在和其他十几家公司一样没有收到劳务费。估计拖欠费用总计已经超过了200万美元。据《新闻周刊》了解，现在这种局面已经变得越来越困难。虽然律师们私下对拖延付费颇有微词(理查德说他没有抱怨过)，布什的顾问手里还有一大把“天文数字”的账单——包括一位诉讼律师开出的每天超过24小时工作费的账单。“在这里的都是些收入不菲还抱怨个不停的律师。”一位前布什竞选班子的官员说道，“可是这些人还从这项工作中得到了提高他们声望的巨大实惠。”
这些律师应该从布什重新计票委员会那里拿到他们的报酬。该委员会成立于佛罗里达之争开始的时候，其主要工作就是筹集资金。法律不要求这个性质模糊的机构透露其使用资金的情况。该委员会和它的主要筹资人，得克萨斯州石油商(现商务秘书)唐。伊万斯很快就筹集了830万美元——是艾尔。戈尔重新计票委员会所筹集的390万美元资金的两倍还多，并用这笔钱来支付律师费用。为了避免被指控其重新计票工作获得特殊利益集团的资助，布什班子对个人捐款设置5000美元的上限，现在他们正为这种公关姿态后悔不已。在付清了包办伙食人，包租飞机的人以及到佛罗里达“观察”助阵的共和党议员团的帐单之后，“筹集的资金已经所剩无几”，一位知情人说道。
布什阵营说他们想要付清账单。但前竞选顾问本。金斯伯格面对着接手的一团糟局面还没有理出头绪。至于那些法律事务所，他们正在尽力不疏远那些赖账的客户，以免损害他们在华盛顿刚刚起步的院外游说业务。“格林伯格。特里格”公司代表着那些愿意出巨资来接近政策制定者的电力公司，药品制造商和互联网博彩行业。不论理查德及其公司能不能收回法律服务费，那80万美元都是一笔精明的投资。
As students primp and preen to wow their favorite colleges， there's one characteristic they can't control： their race. That's one reason voters， courts and politicians in six states have outlawed racial preferences in college admissions， while other colleges， fearful of lawsuits， play down their affirmative-action efforts these days. But make no mistake： race still matters. How much depends on the school and the state.
In Texas， public universities have managed to counteract the effect of racial-preference bans by automatically admitting the top 10% of the graduating class of every high school， including those schools where most students are minorities. But Rice University in Houston， private and highly selective， has had to reinvent its admissions strategies to maintain the school's minority enrollment. Each February， 80 to 90 black， Hispanic and Native American kids visit Rice on an expenses-paid trip. Rice urges counselors from high schools with large minority populations to nominate qualified students. And in the fall， Rice sends two recruiters on the road to find minority applicants; each recruiter visits about 80 predominantly black or Hispanic high schools. Two weeks ago， Rice recruiter Tamara Siler dropped in on Westlake High in Atlanta， where 99% of the 1，296 students are black. Siler went bearing literature and advice， and though only two kids showed up， she said， “I'm pleased I got two.”
Rice has also resorted to some almost comical end-runs around the spirit of the law. The university used to award a yearly scholarship to a Mexican-American student; now it goes to a student who speaks Spanish really well. Admissions officers no longer know an applicant's race. But a new essay question asks about each student's “background” and “cultural traditions.” When Rice officials read applications， they look for “diverse life experiences” and what they awkwardly call “overcome students，” who have triumphed over hardship.
Last spring， admissions readers came across a student whose SAT score was lower than 1，200 and who did not rank in the top 10% of her class. Numerically speaking， she lagged far behind most accepted applicants. But her essay and recommendations indicated a strong interest in civil rights and personal experience with racial discrimination. She was admitted. “All the newspapers say affirmative action is done，” says a veteran counselor at a large New York City high school. “But nothing has changed. I have a [minority] kid at Yale with an SAT score in the high 900s.”
While minority admissions at the University of California system overall have dipped only slightly since a ban on affirmative action took effect in 1998， they have plummeted at the most selective campuses. At Berkeley， for example， the class entering this fall included 608 Chicano students， vs. 1，013 in 1997. In response， the elite schools have moved aggressively to recruit at minority high schools——and even to improve the performance of students who are graduating from them. This year the U.C. system will spend $250 million on outreach， from installing tutors at low-income schools to inviting high school teachers to summer calculus seminars.
注(1)：本文选自Time;10/23/2000，? p77;
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2001年真题text 2和2002年真题text 2第2题(5)
1. Affirmative action is something ___________.
[A] that guarantees students of different races to be admitted equally
[B] American citizens fight against because it discriminates minority students
[C] colleges take to give preference to minority students in college admission
[D] favored by American colleges yet unpopular with American public
2. Rice University sent two recruiters to find minority applicants because _________.
[A] Rice wanted to maintain minority enrollment
[B] minority students have better school performance
[C] Rice has a large minority population
[D] Rice is famous for admitting minority students
3. The writer mentioned Rice‘s some comic end-runs around the spirit of the law to show
that_____________.
[A] Rice abides by the law strictly
[B] Rice deals with students in a comic way
[C] Rice prefers minority students
[D] Rice has its own ways of dealing with the law
4. It seems that minority students _________.
[A] are still benefiting from affirmative action
[B] have lower SAT scores
[C] are often admitted by universities because they have unique racial experience
[D] lag far behind than other students in school performance
5. The word “plummeted” (Line 2， Paragraph 5) most probably means_________.?
[A] doubled
[B] risen
[C] stayed the same
[D] decreased
答案：C A D A D
篇章剖析
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了各大学是如何应对不允许在招生中照顾少数族裔的法律的。在第一段作者指出虽然一些州规定在大学招生中照顾某些种族的政策为非法，但学生的种族身份仍然很重要。第二段介绍了德克萨斯州公立大学的应对策略和私立大学莱斯大学对付这一情况的办法。第三段介绍了莱斯大学所采用的迂回策略。第四段以两个例子说明少数族裔的学生即使SAT成绩不高也能上名牌大学。最后一段介绍了加利福尼亚禁止平权措施带来的影响以及加利福尼亚大学为了克服这些不利影响所作的努力。
词汇注释
primp： v. 梳理(头发)，打扮
preen： v. 把(自己)打扮漂亮
wow： v. 激起热烈赞扬， 使惊叹， 使佩服
affirmative-action： 平权措施
counteract： v. 抵抗;抵制;消除，抵消
enrollment： n. 登记， 注册， 入学
counselor： n. 顾问
nominate： v. 提名， 推荐
predominantly： adv. 主要地，占优势地
Hispanic： adj. 西班牙的
literature： n. 印刷品
resort： v. 求助， 诉诸， 采取(某种手段等)
end-run： 迂回
diverse： adj. 不同的， 变化多的
SAT： 学术能力测验指代(美国)学术能力测试的一种标志
numerically： adv. 用数字， 在数字上
recommendation： n. 推荐信
discrimination： n. 歧视
veteran： n. 老手， 富有经验的人
dip： v. (短时间)降下一点，降低一些
plummet： v. 骤降，爆跌突然和大幅度地降低
Chicano： adj. n.奇卡诺人(指墨西哥裔美国人或在美国的讲西班牙语的拉丁美洲人后裔)
outreach： n. 扩大服务项目;有系统地尝试向一团体的特别部门提供超常规的服务
calculus： n. 微积分学
seminar： n. 研究会， 讨论发表会
难句突破
That's one reason voters， courts and politicians in six states have outlawed racial preferences in college admissions， while other colleges， fearful of lawsuits， play down their affirmative-action efforts these days.
主体句式That‘s one reason…
结构分析：这是一个复杂句，reason后面的成分是一个同位语从句，在这个从句里又包含了一个while引导的状语从句，表示对照。文中比较难的语言表达是play down和affirmative-action.“play down”的意思是“降低，减少”，而“affirmative action”指的是美国大学为了保证少数族裔的受教育机会而采取的照顾政策，称为“平权措施”。
句子译文：正因如此，才会有六个州的选民，法庭和从政者将大学招生中的对某些种族的照顾政策宣布为非法，而其它的大学最近也因为担心法律诉讼而减少了在实施平权法案方面的努力。
题目分析
1. 答案为C，属推理判断题。根据第一段中的上下文，美国六个州制定法律，规定“racial preferences in college admissions”为非法，继而说美国的学校为了免于诉讼就减少了“affirmation action”的努力，可见“affirmation action”应该是指在大学入学方面给与少数民族学生的照顾政策。
2. 答案为A，属事实细节题。第二段第四行讲述了Rice University不得不重新制定策略“to maintain the school‘s minority enrollment”，下面派招生员到各处招收少数族裔申请者则是实现这一目的的一个方式。可见答案是A.
3. 答案为D，属推理判断题。文章第二段提到Rice University为了应对新法律不得不重新制定策略来保证学校少数族裔学生入学。接着在第三段中举了三个根法律玩擦边球的例子：把原来给墨西哥裔学生的年度奖学金变成给西班牙语流利的学生(墨西哥裔学生的母语多位西班牙语);虽然不知道申请人的种族，但申请者要回答的论文问题却是“背景”和“文化传统”，而且招生人员看重的是“不同的体验”和“克服困难”的学生(少数族裔学生通过回答这些问题就可以轻易地让招生人员把他们挑出来)。可见Rice大学自有一套对付法律的办法。
4. 答案为A，属推理判断题。第四段举了两个大学入学考试成绩不高但依然被录取的少数族裔学生的例子，接着引用一位中学顾问的话：“所有的报纸都说平权措施(affirmative action)要过时了，但一切都是老样子。”来说明少数族裔的学生依然从平权措施中受益。
5. 答案为D，属猜词题。这个词的意思可以从下文中给出的例子猜测出来。文中说：以伯克利为例，今年秋季入学的班级有608名奇卡诺裔学生，而在1997年，这个数字是1013人。可见少数族裔的入学人数是大幅下降了。
参考译文
当学生们为了给自己喜爱的学校留下好印象而打扮修饰的时候，有一点却是他们无法控制的：那就是他们的种族身份。正因如此，才会有六个州的选民，法庭和从政者将大学招生中的对某些种族的照顾政策宣布为非法，而其它的大学最近也因为担心法律诉讼而减少了在实施平权措施方面的努力。但别弄错了：种族身份仍然很重要。到底有多重要则因学校和州而异。
在德克萨斯州，公立大学通过自动录取各个中学毕业班成绩在前10%的学生，包括那些以少数族裔为主的学校的学生来抵消禁止照顾某些种族所产生的影响。但休斯敦的私立大学莱斯大学对学生的挑选比较严格，因而不得不重新制定其招生方针以保持学校少数民族学生的入学情况。每年二月，80到90名黑人，西班牙裔和印第安人儿童会免费参观莱斯。莱斯鼓励少数民族学生较多的中学的顾问提名合格的学生。今年秋季，莱斯还派了两名招生员到外地寻找少数族裔的申请人;每一名招生员走访了将近80所以黑人和西班牙裔学生为主的中学。两星期前，莱斯的招生员塔玛拉。塞勒顺便走访了亚特兰大市的西湖中学，该校1296名学生中99%都是黑人。塞勒带着印刷品和建议去到那所学校，虽然只有两个孩子露面，她仍然说：“我很高兴我招到了两个”
莱斯大学还采取了一些可笑的迂回手段来应对这条法律。 这所大学以前每年都会给一位墨西哥裔美国学生授予年度奖学金;现在的要求则是能够说一口流利的西班牙语。招生官员再也无从知道申请人的种族身份。但一个新的考试题目问及每个学生的“背景”和“文化传统”。当莱斯的官员阅读申请书的时候，他们寻找的是“不同的生活体验”以及被他们笨拙地称为“克困学生”的那些成功克服困难的学生。
去年春天，阅读招生信息的读者发现有一个学生的SAT(学术能力测验)成绩低于1200分，而且她也不在班里的前10%之列。如果按排序的话，她比大部分已经被接受的申请人的成绩要差很多。但她的论文和推荐信表明她对于民权有着浓厚的兴趣，而且还亲身经历过种族歧视。最后她被录取了。“所有的报纸都说平权措施要过时了，”来自一所规模较大的纽约市中学的一位资深顾问说道。“但一切都是老样子。我知道一个[少数族裔]学生上了耶鲁，SAT成绩也就900多分。”
自从1998年开始禁止平权措施以来，加利福尼亚大学少数族裔的整体录取情况只是略有下降，尽管如此，他们在淘汰率高的校区却下降较多。以伯克利为例，今年秋季入学的班级有608名奇卡诺裔学生，而在1997年，这个数字是1013人。为了应对这一情况，那些主力学院都开始积极在少数民族中学招生——甚至还积极帮助那些从这类学校毕业的学生提高学习成绩。今年加利福尼亚大学将会花2.5亿美元系统地扩大服务项目，从在低收入学校安排指导教师到邀请中学老师参加夏季微积分研讨会等不一而足。
On Tuesday evening， the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act on a voice vote. This is a simple， three-paragraph bill that would codify， for federal law purposes， the traditional definition of “born alive.” Specifically， under the bill， the terms “person，” “human being，” “child” and “individual，” whenever they appear in federal laws or regulations， will be construed to include “every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive.” The term “born alive” is then defined as “complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother，” followed by a heartbeat， respiration， or movement of voluntary muscles.
This is the legal definition already incorporateed in the laws of most states.
At 7：39 p.m. Tuesday， the Associated Press bureau in Washington sent out a dispatch that began， “The House voted Tuesday to define a fetus that is fully outside a woman‘s body as having been ’born alive，‘ which would give the fetus full legal protection.” The term “fetus” was employed repeatedly throughout the rest of the dispatch.
Quickly， I and at least one other reader pointed out to the AP editor on duty that “fetus” is not an appropriate or accurate term to apply to a human infant who is entirely born and alive. If an infant is born alive prematurely， then the proper term would be “premature infant” or “premature baby，”not “fetus.” Sometimes induction of labor is used as a method of abortion， and sometimes this results in a live birth. This is sometimes referred to as a “live birth abortion.” On occasion， other abortion methods also result in live births. But a premature infant is a premature infant—and a legally protected person—regardless of how he or she reached that state.
Regrettably， the AP did not correct its error. Instead AP editors compounded the original error by
transmitting updates that contained this statement： “The legislation is aimed at an abortion procedure critics call ‘partial-birth’ in which a fetus is partially delivered before being destroyed. Thirty states and the District of Columbia already have laws against the procedure.”
In fact， the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act does not restrict partial-birth abortion. In a partial-birth
abortion， the fetus/baby is mostly delivered but the head remains in the womb while the skull is punctured—hence the name， PARTIAL-birth.
The fetus/baby destroyed in a PARTIAL-birth abortion has not achieved the “complete extraction or expulsion from his or her mother” required to be “born alive”under H.R. 2175. Moreover， the laws that the AP refers to are laws that define “live birth，” not laws restricting partial-birth abortion. According to the House Judiciary subcommittee that H.R. 2175 have codified the definition of “live birth” for their state-law purposes， and of these， 30 states and D.C. have codified definitions virtually identical to
those contained in H.R. 2175. (D.C. has never enacted a restriction on partial-birth abortion.)
Reading Comprehension
1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?
[A] A new bill has been passed by the Home.
[B] The bill would be codified.
[C] The term “born alive” has a new definition.
[D] There are many debates about the bill.
2. What did the author probably mean by his saying， “This is the legal definition already incorporated in the laws of most states.”?
[A] The bill should come earlier.
[B] A lot of states have already adopted the definition in their laws.
[C] It will affect the federal laws.
[D] Both B and C.
3. Read paragraph 4 carefully and then point out that why did the author think that “fetus” is not a fitted word to describe that especially situation?
[A] An infant is alive but a fetus is not.
[B] The word “fetus” is not an accurate term.
[C] When you use the word “fetus”， there is something discrimination in your talk.
[D] “Fetus” is not considered as a real person but when you use the word “infant” to describe someone he or she is a real one who alive.
4. According to your understanding， what does partial-birth mean?
[A] It indicated the situation that an infant was failed to born.
[B] A method of abortion.
[C] An unsuccessful born of a child.
[D] Dystocia.
5. What did the Associated Press think about the live-born human infant ?
[A] They thought that the live-born human infant was still a fetus.
[B] They didn‘t think that the live-born human infant was still a fetus.
[C] They have no idea about the definition of a live-born human infant.
[D] They thought it was bloody to use the partial-born method to the fetus.
答案与题解
1. [C] 仔细阅读文中第一段可以发现，该段讲述国会通过新法案重点是从法案的影响上来谈的。其影响就是会对关于活体产婴定义产生影响。这也是该段的中心。所以该题选 C.
2. [A] 细节与主旨对映题。此类题型给出文中一个细节并提供选项让考生选择，此时考生选择答案必须依照原文的主旨进行把握。我们看这道题，虽然考查的是一句话，但通读全文可以看出，作者的态度上尽管认为该法案尚有不足，但基本上还是持赞同意见的。所以这里选 A.
3. [D] 仔细比较原文可以发现，文中作者认为胎儿和婴儿的主要区别在于胎儿不被法律认可为人，而婴儿则可以受到此类保护。
4. [B] 细节题。仔细阅读文中最后两段就可发现 partial-birth 指的是一种堕胎方法。
5. [B] 推断题。本题需要先排除干扰项 D 项。D 项的表述不是美联社的观点。在文中，作者提到美联社时说他们是错用了词语，把活产婴儿说成是胎儿。注意，这里作者认为是美联社称活产的婴儿为胎儿是用词错误而并没有认为美联社不把产下的活婴儿当作婴儿看。 这道题问我们美联社的人怎么看待活产婴儿问题，即使问得很客观，但归根结底这是篇阐述作者个人观点的议论文，只有紧紧抓住作者的观点才能得出正确选项。故该题选 B.
Words
1. representative 代表;典型的，有代表性的
2. codify 编成法典
3. Associated press 美联社
4. dispatch 急件
5. legislation 立法
Notes
1. At 7：39 p.m. Tuesday， the Associated …full legal protection.“ 本句话难在语序的调整上。只要把语序调整，符合汉语习惯本句话就不难翻译了。本句应译为：周二晚 7：39，美联社驻华盛顿办事处发出了一个急件，开头如下：”国会周二举行投票表决，将完全脱离母体的婴儿定义为活体产婴。这将给予这些胎儿们完全的法律保护。“
2. If an infant is born alive …or “premature baby，” not “fetus.” “prematurely”是副词，意思是“未成熟地，太早地，早熟地”。本句应译为：如果一个婴儿早产并存活，那么合适的称呼应该是早产婴或者早产宝宝，而非胎儿。
3. But a premature infant is a …he or she reached that state. 这是一个强调句，两次重复提到“premature infant”目的在于强调早产儿应该被看作受法律保护的人。本句应译为：但是一个早产婴儿就是一个早产婴儿，一个受法律保护的人，不管他或她是怎么来到这世上的。that state 在这里指出生。
4. The legislation is aimed at an abortion …being destroyed. 这句话成分有些复杂。critics call ‘partial-birth’是修饰 procedure 的，而 in which a fetus is partially delivered before being destroyed.这句话又是用于修饰 partial-birth 的。本句应译为：这项立法目的是针对一种被批评人士称为部分生产的堕胎方法的。部分生产也就是指在破坏这个胎儿之前只把它部分生出来。
5. Thirty states and the District of Columbia already have laws against the procedure.
这里“against”的意思相当于“forbid”。本句应译为：已经有三十个州和哥伦比亚特区立法禁止这种程序。
参考译文
活体产婴依然应该算作胎儿么?
在周二晚上，美国众议院在一次表决中通过了一项活体产婴保护法案。这份法案很简单，只有三个段落，这将对联邦关于“活体产婴”的定义编入法典。特别是，有了该法案后，一些诸如“人、人类、儿童、个体”的术语不论什么时候出现在联邦法律或规章中时，将被解读为包括了每一个已出生的人类活体胎儿。“活体产婴”这个词条由此被定义为完全从他或她的母体中分离出来，有心跳，有呼吸或者有主动肌群的活动。该条目已经进入了很多州的司法解释。
周二晚 7：39，美联社驻华盛顿办事处发出了一个急件，开头如下：“国会周二举行投票表决，将完全脱离母体的婴儿定义为活体产婴。这将给予这些胎儿们完全的法律保护。”“胎儿”这个词条在接下来的报道中被反复不断地提到。 很快，我和至少一个读过这篇报道的人指出，美联社的值班编辑仍用“胎儿”一词指代一个已经全部生出来并成活了的人类的婴儿已经不大准确了。如果一个婴儿早产并成活，那么应该称之为“早产婴儿”或“早产宝宝”而不是“胎儿”。
有时候，引产被用来作为堕胎的一种办法，但这往往导致产下活体婴儿。这种情况常被称为活体生产堕胎。有时候，其他堕胎方法也会导致产下活婴。但是一个早产婴儿已经是一个早产婴儿，是受法律保护的一个人，而不管他或她是怎么来到世上。
遗憾的是，美联社没有改正他们的错误。取而代之的是美联社的编辑们将最初的错误更严重化了。在他们发送的补充报道中，有这样一条陈述：“这项立法目的是针对一种被批评人士称为部分生产的堕胎方法的。部分生产也就是指在破坏这个胎儿之前只把它部分生出来。三十个州和哥伦比亚特区已经立法反对这种堕胎方法。”
事实上，活产婴儿保护法案并没有限制部分生产法堕胎。在一次部分生产堕胎中，胎儿或者可以称为婴儿的大部分都被生出来，但是头部依然留在母体子宫内，直到被穿孔。因此命名为部分生产。被部分生产破坏掉的胎儿没有触碰H.R.2175号法案所说的“完全离开他或她的母体”的限制条件，因此不能说是违法。而且，美联社提到的法案限制的是活体生产，而不是限制部分生产法堕胎。据国会司法委员会的说法，H.R.2175将活体产婴编入法典，是符合州立法的目的的。据此，三十个州和哥伦比亚特区将 H.R.中的定义原封不动的搬入到它们自己的法典中。(哥伦比亚特区此前从未有过一项关于部分生产法堕胎的法律。
There is a bitter battle over how to combat the nation‘s fastest-growing crime problem， juvenile offenders.While overall crime statistics in America’s largest cities has dropped there is one category where it has skyrocketed. That category is homicides committed by youths under the age of 17. Between 1984 and 1994， murders committed by youths under 17 tripled. Demographic studies show that there will be a surge in the teen population in the coming years and experts believe that 25 percent of all murders committed by the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.
Violence (i.e. Aggravated assaults) committed with guns by youths has also increased at roughly the samepace as homicides. After years of statistical decline， drug use by teens is also on the rise. None of these statistics would appear to bode well for future. It now seems that everyday we are hearing about horrendous violent crimes being committed by juveniles.
The most famous of late was the 6-year-old in northern California who almost beat to death a small baby. The baby was just released from the hospital on Thursday and has suffered brain damage from the attack by the 6-year-old.
There is also the case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis. In Miami， two 16-year-old males have been charged with the murder of a Dutch woman tourist who just happened to end up in the wrong neighborhood. A 15-year-old New York boy tried to steal a pair of earrings from a woman.
During the attack， the young woman fell to her death under a New York subway train. In Fort Meyers， Florida， a group of teenagers shot and killed a high school band teacher. This case will be the subject of an upcoming ENN report， but a police investigation into this group of teens turned up “would-be junior terrorists” that could have rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.
There seems to be growing awareness now of this juvenile crime problem in the United States. Several experts， as well as this publication， have been trying very hard to get the word out. People who have become victims of these young felons are angry and are calling for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system.
It has been a long-standing belief in the United States that juveniles who kill， rape and rob be treated differently than adult offenders. But this may soon change. In 1899， juvenile courts were established to help protect “juvenile delinquents.” But it seems that today， the reasoning for the protection of the youths in the criminal justice system may be outdated and changes need to be made to accomodate these “14-year-old harden felons.” Many critics， today， say that in reality too many hard-core juvenile offenders are arrested held and released time-after-time in a process that is called a revolving door. It seems to only come to an end when a truly heinous crime is committed.
Because of the rise in juvenile crime and the experts predictions that the problem is going to get worse before it gets better， many cities， states and even congress are trying to wrestle with the problem. Tallahassee， Florida has been experimenting with a couple of different programs to deal with troubled youths. In one case， Tallahassee Police received a report of a teenager breaking into an auto. Immediately， officers knew their suspect. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant. This 16-year-old who was on parole， had been known to commit 32 similar offenses. Officers had kept the suspect tracked on a point scale. He was arrested after he barricaded himself inside an apartment building. Because of his extensive criminal record prosecutors immediately sent him to trial in an adult court. This can be called the “get-tough” approach.
1. As you read the first paragraph， which kind of crimes are increasing while the crime statistics in America‘s largest cities has dropped?
[A] Homicides committed by youths.
[B] Murders committed by adults.
[C] Drug abuse.
[D] Violation.
2. Read the third paragraph carefully and then answer the question： What happened to the “6-year-old”?
[A] The “6-year-old” had been killed.
[B] The “6-year-old” had almost killed another small baby.
[C] The “6-year-old” had been sent to prison.
[D] The “6-year-old” had suffered brain damage.
3. What thing will be report by ENN?
[A] A high school teacher had been killed by a group of teenagers.
[B] Junior terrorists.
[C] The case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis.
[D] Both A and B.
4. Who called for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system?
[A] Journalists came from Florida.
[B] The parents came from the juvenile‘s families.
[C] Teachers came from the juvenile‘s school.
[D] The victims of these young felons.
5. As the author use the example of the case of Tallahassee， what did he mean?
[A] To illustrate the importance of changes that should be made in the juvenile justice system……
[B] To state that teenagers who committed crimes should be sent to trial in an adult court.
[C] To express that the old law was not fit for the new phenomenon.
[D] To express that the author hated the juvenile crimes.
[疑难长句翻译与注解]
1. Demographic studies show that…the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.
[译文]统计学的研究表明，在即将到来的一年里，青年人口将有迅猛的增长。据专家估计，在 2005 年，25%的谋杀事件是由青少年犯罪导致的。
[注解] 其中，a surge of something 意思是 a sudden increase in amount of number.demographic 是形容词，意为人口统计学的。surge 即可作名词也可为动词，这里作动词用，意为迅猛增长。
2. After years of statistical decline， drug use by teens is also on the rise.
[译文]尽管多年来的数据呈下降趋势，但青少年吸毒问题依然严重。
[注解]这句话不长，关键在于对词组“on the rise”意思的理解，在文中，该词组的意思为依然在上升。
3. Several experts， as well as this…made in the juvenile justice system.
[译文]一些专家以及这本刊物都在努力试图寻求法律的支持，深受这些少年重犯之害的人们都异常愤怒并
呼吁政府对青少年司法制度进行更改。
[注解]“felons”原型是“felon”，意思是重罪犯。这里“calling”是呼吁的意思。
4. Because of the rise in juvenile…congress are trying to wrestle with the problem.
[译文]由于青少年犯罪的增长加上专家们预测这个问题在得到改善之前将日趋严重，很多城市、州，甚至
国会都开始试着同这种问题做斗争了。
[注解]在原文中出现的连词“and”在翻译时，不一定译成“和”字，为了照顾汉语的流畅，这个“和”可
以译成“加上”。
5. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant.
[译文]这个嫌疑犯十六岁，甚至在附近的餐馆还拥有一份工作。
[注解]“suspect”作嫌疑犯讲。在这里的定语从句没有翻译成定语而是译成了动宾结构。
答案解析
1.[A] 细节题。本题只要读懂文章就不难排除干扰。我们细看原文可以发现，第一段里只讲了青少年杀人犯罪问题，所以，后面几个选项都不符合要求。
2.[B] 理解题。这道题考查对原文的理解。重点在于区分“6-year-old”和“the baby”。只要将这两者区分清楚就不会选错。
3.[A] 本题是细节题。细读文章第五段可以发现，文中说将要被 ENN 报道的是 A 中提到的佛罗里达州高中教师被青少年杀害事件。B 项的少年恐怖分子虽在文中有提及，但不是 ENN 要报道的内容，所以排除。
4.[D] 细节题。本文较为侧重考查考生捕捉细节的能力。在文中第六段段末可以看到， 受害者们最为关注针对青少年犯罪司法体系的修改。而选项中提到的 C 项虽然有老师是受害者，但显然过于片面，故排除。
5.[A] 主旨题。作者在文中举了这个案例目的在于表明旧有的法律已经不适用了。对于现在的一些青少年恶性案件来说，有必要加大惩处力度。所以，作者引用了这个案例来说明如果不对青少年犯罪加以扼制，这批问题少年成年后还会对社会造成危害。解这道题主要需要把握原文主旨。作者在文中对青少年犯罪持否定态度，多处细节表明作者本身赞同对问题少年加以限制，所以这里的选择就可以根据本文的主要精神加以把握。